Backburner

Backburner is a beanstalkd-powered job queue that can handle a very high volume of jobs. You create background jobs and place them on multiple work queues to be processed later.

Processing background jobs reliably has never been easier than with beanstalkd and Backburner. This gem works with any ruby-based web framework, but is especially suited for use with Sinatra, Padrino and Rails.

If you want to use beanstalk for your job processing, consider using Backburner. Backburner is heavily inspired by Resque and DelayedJob. Backburner stores all jobs as simple JSON message payloads. Persistent queues are supported when beanstalkd persistence mode is enabled.

Backburner supports multiple queues, job priorities, delays, and timeouts. In addition, Backburner has robust support for retrying failed jobs, handling error cases, custom logging, and extensible plugin hooks.

Why Backburner?

Backburner is well tested and has a familiar, no-nonsense approach to job processing, but that is of secondary importance. Let's face it, there are a lot of options for background job processing. DelayedJob, and Resque are the first that come to mind immediately. So, how do we make sense of which one to use? And why use Backburner over other alternatives?

The key to understanding the differences lies in understanding the different projects and protocols that power these popular queue libraries under the hood. Every job queue requires a queue store that jobs are put into and pulled out of. In the case of Resque, jobs are processed through Redis, a persistent key-value store. In the case of DelayedJob, jobs are processed through ActiveRecord and a database such as PostgreSQL.

The work queue underlying these gems tells you infinitely more about the differences than anything else. Beanstalk is probably the best solution for job queues available today for many reasons. The real question then is... "Why Beanstalk?".

Why Beanstalk?

Illya has an excellent blog post Scalable Work Queues with Beanstalk and Adam Wiggins posted an excellent comparison.

You will quickly see that beanstalkd is an underrated but incredible project that is extremely well-suited as a job queue. Significantly better suited for this task than Redis or a database. Beanstalk is a simple, and a very fast work queue service rolled into a single binary - it is the memcached of work queues. Originally built to power the backend for the 'Causes' Facebook app, it is a mature and production ready open source project. PostRank uses beanstalk to reliably process millions of jobs a day.

A single instance of Beanstalk is perfectly capable of handling thousands of jobs a second (or more, depending on your job size) because it is an in-memory, event-driven system. Powered by libevent under the hood, it requires zero setup (launch and forget, à la memcached), optional log based persistence, an easily parsed ASCII protocol, and a rich set of tools for job management that go well beyond a simple FIFO work queue.

Beanstalkd supports the following features out of the box:

Feature	Description
Parallelized	Supports multiple work queues created on demand.
Reliable	Beanstalk’s reserve, work, delete cycle ensures reliable processing.
Scheduling	Delay enqueuing jobs by a specified interval to schedule processing later
Fast	Processes thousands of jobs per second without breaking a sweat.
Priorities	Specify priority so important jobs can be processed quickly.
Persistence	Jobs are stored in memory for speed, but logged to disk for safe keeping.
Federation	Horizontal scalability provided through federation by the client.
Error Handling	Bury any job which causes an error for later debugging and inspection.

Keep in mind that these features are supported out of the box with beanstalk and require no special code within this gem to support. In the end, beanstalk is the ideal job queue while also being ridiculously easy to install and setup.

Installation

First, you probably want to install beanstalkd, which powers the job queues. Depending on your platform, this should be as simple as (for Ubuntu):

$ sudo apt-get install beanstalkd

Add this line to your application's Gemfile:

gem 'backburner'

And then execute:

$ bundle

Or install it yourself as:

$ gem install backburner

Configuration

Backburner is extremely simple to setup. Just configure basic settings for backburner:

Backburner.configure do |config|
  config.beanstalk_url       = "beanstalk://127.0.0.1"
  config.tube_namespace      = "some.app.production"
  config.namespace_separator = "."
  config.on_error            = lambda { |e| puts e }
  config.max_job_retries     = 3 # default 0 retries
  config.retry_delay         = 2 # default 5 seconds
  config.retry_delay_proc    = lambda { |min_retry_delay, num_retries| min_retry_delay + (num_retries ** 3) }
  config.default_priority    = 65536
  config.respond_timeout     = 120
  config.default_worker      = Backburner::Workers::Simple
  config.logger              = Logger.new(STDOUT)
  config.primary_queue       = "backburner-jobs"
  config.priority_labels     = { :custom => 50, :useless => 1000 }
  config.reserve_timeout     = nil
  config.job_serializer_proc = lambda { |body| JSON.dump(body) }
  config.job_parser_proc     = lambda { |body| JSON.parse(body) }

end

The key options available are:

Option	Description
beanstalk_url	Address for beanstalkd connection i.e 'beanstalk://127.0.0.1'
tube_namespace	Prefix used for all tubes related to this backburner queue.
namespace_separator	Separator used for namespace and queue name
on_error	Lambda invoked with the error whenever any job in the system fails.
max_job_retries	Integer defines how many times to retry a job before burying.
retry_delay	Integer defines the base time to wait (in secs) between job retries.
retry_delay_proc	Lambda calculates the delay used, allowing for exponential back-off.
default_priority	Integer The default priority of jobs
respond_timeout	Integer defines how long a job has to complete its task
default_worker	Worker class that will be used if no other worker is specified.
logger	Logger recorded to when backburner wants to report info or errors.
primary_queue	Primary queue used for a job when an alternate queue is not given.
priority_labels	Hash of named priority definitions for your app.
reserve_timeout	Duration to wait for work from a single server, or nil for forever.
job_serializer_proc	Lambda serializes a job body to a string to write to the task
job_parser_proc	Lambda parses a task body string to a hash

Breaking Changes

Before v0.4.0: Jobs were placed into default queues based on the name of the class creating the queue. i.e NewsletterJob would be put into a 'newsletter-job' queue. As of 0.4.0, all jobs are placed into a primary queue named "my.app.namespace.backburner-jobs" unless otherwise specified.

Usage

Backburner allows you to create jobs and place them onto any number of beanstalk tubes, and later pull those jobs off the tubes and process them asynchronously with a worker.

Enqueuing Jobs

At the core, Backburner is about jobs that can be processed asynchronously. Jobs are simple ruby objects which respond to perform.

Job objects are queued as JSON onto a tube to be later processed by a worker. Here's an example:

class NewsletterJob
  # required
  def self.perform(email, body)
    NewsletterMailer.deliver_text_to_email(email, body)
  end

  # optional, defaults to 'backburner-jobs' tube
  def self.queue
    "newsletter-sender"
  end

  # optional, defaults to default_priority
  def self.queue_priority
    1000 # most urgent priority is 0
  end

  # optional, defaults to respond_timeout in config
  def self.queue_respond_timeout
    300 # number of seconds before job times out, 0 to avoid timeout. NB: A timeout of 1 second will likely lead to race conditions between Backburner and beanstalkd and should be avoided
  end

  # optional, defaults to retry_delay_proc in config
  def self.queue_retry_delay_proc
    lambda { |min_retry_delay, num_retries| min_retry_delay + (num_retries ** 5) }
  end

  # optional, defaults to retry_delay in config
  def self.queue_retry_delay
    5
  end

  # optional, defaults to max_job_retries in config
  def self.queue_max_job_retries
    5
  end
end

You can include the optional Backburner::Queue module so you can easily specify queue settings for this job:

class NewsletterJob
  include Backburner::Queue
  queue "newsletter-sender"  # defaults to 'backburner-jobs' tube
  queue_priority 1000 # most urgent priority is 0
  queue_respond_timeout 300 # number of seconds before job times out, 0 to avoid timeout

  def self.perform(email, body)
    NewsletterMailer.deliver_text_to_email(email, body)
  end
end

Jobs can be enqueued with:

Backburner.enqueue NewsletterJob, 'foo@admin.com', 'lorem ipsum...'

Backburner.enqueue accepts first a ruby object that supports perform and then a series of parameters to that object's perform method. The queue name used by default is {namespace}.backburner-jobs unless otherwise specified.

You may also pass a lambda as the queue name and it will be evaluated when enqueuing a job (and passed the Job's class as an argument). This is especially useful when combined with "Simple Async Jobs" (see below).

Simple Async Jobs

In addition to defining custom jobs, a job can also be enqueued by invoking the async method on any object which includes Backburner::Performable. Async enqueuing works for both instance and class methods on any performable object.

class User
  include Backburner::Performable
  queue "user-jobs"  # defaults to 'user'
  queue_priority 500 # most urgent priority is 0
  queue_respond_timeout 300 # number of seconds before job times out, 0 to avoid timeout

  def activate(device_id)
    @device = Device.find(device_id)
    # ...
  end

  def self.reset_password(user_id)
    # ...
  end
end

# Async works for instance methods on a persisted object with an `id`
@user = User.first
@user.async(:ttr => 100, :queue => "activate").activate(@device.id)
# ..and for class methods
User.async(:pri => 100, :delay => 10.seconds).reset_password(@user.id)

This automatically enqueues a job for that user record that will run activate with the specified argument. Note that you can set the queue name and queue priority at the class level and you are also able to pass pri, ttr, delay and queue directly as options into async.

The queue name used by default is {namespace}.backburner-jobs if not otherwise specified.

If a lambda is given for queue, then it will be called and given the performable object's class as an argument:

# Given the User class above
User.async(:queue => lambda { |user_klass| ["queue1","queue2"].sample(1).first }).do_hard_work # would add the job to either queue1 or queue2 randomly

Using Async Asynchronously

It's often useful to be able to configure your app in production such that every invocation of a method is asynchronous by default as seen in delayed_job. To accomplish this, the Backburner::Performable module exposes two handle_asynchronously convenience methods which accept the same options as the async method:

class User
  include Backburner::Performable

  def send_welcome_email
    # ...
  end

  # ---> For instance methods
  handle_asynchronously :send_welcome_email, queue: 'send-mail', pri: 5000, ttr: 60

  def self.update_recent_visitors
    # ...
  end

  # ---> For class methods
  handle_static_asynchronously :update_recent_visitors, queue: 'long-tasks', ttr: 300
end

Now, all calls to User.update_recent_visitors or User#send_welcome_email will automatically be handled asynchronously when invoked. Similarly, you can call these methods directly on the Backburner::Performable module to apply async behavior outside the class:

# Given the User class above
Backburner::Performable.handle_asynchronously(User, :activate, ttr: 100, queue: 'activate')

Now all calls to the activate method on a User instance will be async with the provided options.

A Note About Auto-Async

Because an async proxy is injected and used in place of the original method, you must not rely on the return value of the method. Using the example User class above, if my send_welcome_email returned the status of an email submission and I relied on that to take some further action, I will be surprised after rewiring things with handle_asynchronously because the async proxy actually returns the (boolean) result of Backburner::Worker.enqueue.

Working Jobs

Backburner workers are processes that run forever handling jobs that are reserved from the queue. Starting a worker in ruby code is simple:

Backburner.work

This will process jobs in all queues but you can also restrict processing to specific queues:

Backburner.work('newsletter-sender', 'push-notifier')

The Backburner worker also exists as a rake task:

require 'backburner/tasks'

so you can run:

$ QUEUE=newsletter-sender,push-notifier rake backburner:work

You can also run the backburner binary for a convenient worker:

bundle exec backburner -q newsletter-sender,push-notifier -d -P /var/run/backburner.pid -l /var/log/backburner.log

This will daemonize the worker and store the pid and logs automatically. For Rails and Padrino, the environment should load automatically. For other cases, use the -r flag to specify a file to require.

Delaying Jobs

In Backburner, jobs can be delayed by specifying the delay option whenever you enqueue a job. If you want to schedule a job for an hour from now, simply add that option while enqueuing the standard job:

Backburner::Worker.enqueue(NewsletterJob, ['foo@admin.com', 'lorem ipsum...'], :delay => 1.hour)

or while you schedule an async method call:

User.async(:delay => 1.hour).reset_password(@user.id)

Backburner will take care of the rest!

Persistence

Jobs are persisted to queues as JSON objects. Let's take our User example from above. We'll run the following code to create a job:

User.async.reset_password(@user.id)

The following JSON will be put on the {namespace}.backburner-jobs queue:

{
    'class': 'User',
    'args': [nil, 'reset_password', 123]
}

The first argument is the 'id' of the object in the case of an instance method being async'ed. For example:

@device = Device.find(987)
@user = User.find(246)
@user.async.activate(@device.id)

would be stored as:

{
    'class': 'User',
    'args': [246, 'activate', 987]
}

Since all jobs are persisted in JSON, your jobs must only accept arguments that can be encoded into that format. This is why our examples use object IDs instead of passing around objects.

Named Priorities

As of v0.4.0, Backburner has support for named priorities. beanstalkd priorities are numerical but backburner supports a mapping between a word and a numerical value. The following priorities are available by default: high is 0, medium is 100, and low is 200.

Priorities can be customized with:

Backburner.configure do |config|
  config.priority_labels = { :custom => 50, :useful => 5 }
  # or append to default priorities with
  # config.priority_labels  = Backburner::Configuration::PRIORITY_LABELS.merge(:foo => 5)
end

and then these aliases can be used anywhere that a numerical value can:

Backburner::Worker.enqueue NewsletterJob, ["foo", "bar"], :pri => :custom
User.async(:pri => :useful, :delay => 10.seconds).reset_password(@user.id)

Using named priorities can greatly simplify priority management.

Processing Strategies

In Backburner, there are several different strategies for processing jobs which are reflected by multiple worker subclasses. Custom workers can be defined fairly easily. By default, Backburner comes with the following workers built-in:

Worker	Description
Backburner::Workers::Simple	Single threaded, no forking worker. Simplest option.
Backburner::Workers::Forking	Basic forking worker that manages crashes and memory bloat.
Backburner::Workers::ThreadsOnFork	Forking worker that utilizes threads for concurrent processing.
Backburner::Workers::Threading	Utilizes thread pools for concurrent processing.

You can select the default worker for processing with:

Backburner.configure do |config|
  config.default_worker = Backburner::Workers::Forking
end

or determine the worker on the fly when invoking work:

Backburner.work('newsletter-sender', :worker => Backburner::Workers::ThreadsOnFork)

or through associated rake tasks with:

$ QUEUE=newsletter-sender,push-message THREADS=2 GARBAGE=1000 rake backburner:threads_on_fork:work

When running on MRI or another Ruby implementation with a Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), do not be surprised if you're unable to saturate multiple cores, even with the threads_on_fork worker. To utilize multiple cores, you must run multiple worker processes.

Additional concurrency strategies will hopefully be contributed in the future. If you are interested in helping out, please let us know.

More info: Threads on Fork Worker

For more information on the threads_on_fork worker, check out the ThreadsOnFork Worker documentation. Please note that the ThreadsOnFork worker does not work on Windows due to its lack of fork.

More info: Threading Worker (thread-pool-based)

Configuration options for the Threading worker are similar to the threads_on_fork worker, sans the garbage option. When running via the backburner CLI, it's simplest to provide the queue names and maximum number of threads in the format "{queue name}:{max threads in pool}[,{name}:{threads}]":

$ bundle exec backburner -q queue1:4,queue2:4  # and then other options, like environment, pidfile, app root, etc. See docs for the CLI

Default Queues

Workers can be easily restricted to processing only a specific set of queues as shown above. However, if you want a worker to process all queues instead, then you can leave the queue list blank.

When you execute a worker without any queues specified, queues for known job queue class with include Backburner::Queue will be processed. To access the list of known queue classes, you can use:

Backburner::Worker.known_queue_classes
# => [NewsletterJob, SomeOtherJob]

Dynamic queues created by passing queue options will not be processed by a default worker. For this reason, you may want to take control over the default list of queues processed when none are specified. To do this, you can use the default_queues class method:

Backburner.default_queues.concat(["foo", "bar"])

This will ensure that the foo and bar queues are processed by any default workers. You can also add job queue names with:

Backburner.default_queues << NewsletterJob.queue

The default_queues stores the specific list of queues that should be processed by default by a worker.

Failures

When a job fails in backburner (usually because an exception was raised), the job will be released and retried again until the max_job_retries configuration is reached.

Backburner.configure do |config|
  config.max_job_retries  = 3 # retry jobs 3 times
  config.retry_delay      = 2 # wait 2 seconds in between retries
end

Note the default max_job_retries is 0, meaning that by default jobs are not retried.

As jobs are retried, a progressively-increasing delay is added to give time for transient problems to resolve themselves. This may be configured using retry_delay_proc. It expects an object that responds to #call and receives the value of retry_delay and the number of times the job has been retried already. The default is a cubic back-off, eg:

Backburner.configure do |config|
  config.retry_delay      = 2 # The minimum number of seconds a retry will be delayed
  config.retry_delay_proc = lambda { |min_retry_delay, num_retries| min_retry_delay + (num_retries ** 3) }
end

If continued retry attempts fail, the job will be buried and can be 'kicked' later for inspection.

You can also setup a custom error handler for jobs using configure:

Backburner.configure do |config|
  config.on_error = lambda { |ex| Airbrake.notify(ex) }
end

Now all backburner queue errors will appear on airbrake for deeper inspection.

If you wish to retry a job without logging an error (for example when handling transient issues in a cloud or service oriented environment), simply raise a Backburner::Job::RetryJob error.

Logging

Logging in backburner is rather simple. When a job is run, the log records that. When a job fails, the log records that. When any exceptions occur during processing, the log records that.

By default, the log will print to standard out. You can customize the log to output to any standard logger by controlling the configuration option:

Backburner.configure do |config|
  config.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)
end

Be sure to check logs whenever things do not seem to be processing.

Hooks

Backburner is highly extensible and can be tailored to your needs by using various hooks that can be triggered across the job processing lifecycle. Often using hooks is much easier then trying to monkey patch the externals.

Check out HOOKS.md for a detailed overview on using hooks.

Workers in Production

Once you have Backburner setup in your application, starting workers is really easy. Once beanstalkd is installed, your best bet is to use the built-in rake task that comes with Backburner. Simply add the task to your Rakefile:

# Rakefile
require 'backburner/tasks'

and then you can start the rake task with:

$ rake backburner:work
$ QUEUE=newsletter-sender,push-notifier rake backburner:work

The best way to deploy these rake tasks is using a monitoring library. We suggest God which watches processes and ensures their stability. A simple God recipe for Backburner can be found in examples/god.

Command-Line Interface

Instead of using the Rake tasks, you can use Backburner's command-line interface (CLI) – powered by the Dante gem – to launch daemonized workers. Several flags are available to control the process. Many of these are provided by Dante itself, such as flags for logging (-l), the process' PID (-P), whether to daemonize (-d) or kill a running process (-k). Backburner provides a few more:

Queues (-q)

Control which queues the worker will watch with the -q flag. Comma-separate multiple queue names and, if you're using the ThreadsOnFork worker, colon-separate the settings for thread limit, garbage limit and retries limit (eg. send_mail:4:10:3). See its wiki page for some more details.

backburner -q send_mail,create_thumbnail # You may need to use `bundle exec`

Boot an app (-r)

Load an app with the -r flag. Backburner supports automatic loading for both Rails and Padrino apps when started from the their root folder. However, you may point to a specific app's root using this flag, which is very useful when running workers from a service script.

path="/var/www/my-app/current"
backburner -r "$path"

Load an environment (-e)

Use the -e flag to control which environment your app should use:

environment="production"  
backburner -e $environment

Reconnecting

In Backburner, if the beanstalkd connection is temporarily severed, several retries to establish the connection will be attempted. After several retries, if the connection is still not able to be made, a Beaneater::NotConnected exception will be raised. You can manually catch this exception, and attempt another manual retry using Backburner::Worker.retry_connection!.

Web Front-end

Be sure to check out the Sinatra-powered project beanstalkd_view by denniskuczynski which provides an excellent overview of the tubes and jobs processed by your beanstalk workers. An excellent addition to your Backburner setup.

Acknowledgements

• Nathan Esquenazi - Project maintainer
• Dave Myron - Multiple features and doc improvements
• Kristen Tucker - Coming up with the gem name
• Tim Lee, Josh Hull, Nico Taing - Helping me work through the idea
• Miso - Open-source friendly place to work
• Evgeniy Denisov - Multiple fixes and cleanups
• Andy Bakun - Fixes to how multiple beanstalkd instances are processed
• Renan T. Fernandes - Added threads_on_fork worker
• Daniel Farrell - Added forking worker

Contributing

1. Fork it
2. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
3. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Added some feature')
4. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
5. Create new Pull Request

References

The code in this project has been made in light of a few excellent projects:

• DelayedJob
• Resque
• Stalker

Thanks to these projects for inspiration and certain design and implementation decisions.

Links

• Code: git clone git://github.com/nesquena/backburner.git
• Home: http://github.com/nesquena/backburner
• Docs: http://rdoc.info/github/nesquena/backburner/master/frames
• Bugs: http://github.com/nesquena/backburner/issues
• Gems: http://gemcutter.org/gems/backburner