Just want simple TLS for your .internal network?

Run

./create-internal-constrained-pki.sh mydomain.internal

It creates a root CA certificate that your users (colleagues/friends/family) can safely add to their devices' trust store because it uses X.509 Name Constraints to provably restrict it to the chosen domain.

The CA cannot be used to MitM all traffic.

Result:

certs-and-keys/
    ca-mydomain.internal.crt           <- root CA certificate to give to your users
                                          to _safely_ add to their devices' trust store

    wildcard.mydomain.internal.crt     <- certificate and key to use for hosting services
    wildcard.mydomain.internal.key.pem    under mydomain.internal and *.mydomain.internal

Verification

Your users can run

openssl x509 -noout -text -in ca-mydomain.internal.crt

to verify which domains the root CA allows; it should show:

            X509v3 Name Constraints: critical
                Permitted:
                  DNS:mydomain.internal
                  DNS:.mydomain.internal

Important

• Read the code of create-internal-constrained-pki.sh to see if it suites your goals:
  • Default VALIDITY_DAYS="3650"
  • No passphrases: The generated keys will be unencrypted (no passphrase) to allow the script to run without prompts. Generate them directly onto at-rest encrypted storage. If you want passphrases instead, add e.g. -aes256 to the openssl genrsa invocations.

Literature

• Security StackExchange: Can I restrict a Certification Authority to signing certain domains only?

• https://systemoverlord.com/2020/06/14/private-ca-with-x-509-name-constraints.html with openssl instructions

• https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/tech/TLSInternalCANameConstraints

• https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/tech/TLSInternalCANameConstraintsII?showcomments

• step-ca is easier than openssl, but apparently can use Name Constraints only in intermediate certificates: https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/templates/#adding-name-constraints So this does not meet our goal. https://smallstep.com/docs/step-ca/#limitations also says:

  Its root CA is always offline; a single-tier PKI is not supported

  Further, see https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/5759

• Support in clients was originally bad, where many would allow to bypass the Name Constraints: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37537689

• The spec does not even require that Name Constraint be enforced on Root CAs, only on intermediates: https://issues.chromium.org/issues/40685439

  That creates the same problem as above, not meeting the goal.

  However, Chrome now supports it properly, and OpenSSL and Firefox already did before.

  https://bettertls.com tracks which implementations support it how well. Good write-up: https://netflixtechblog.com/bettertls-c9915cd255c0

• Important point from https://github.com/caddyserver/caddy/issues/5759#issuecomment-1690700681:

  People using name constraints should know what they exactly mean, as some cases are not obvious. For example, adding just permittedDNSDomains as above does not exclude creating domains with IP addresses or any other type of SAN. Name constraints are defined in RFC5280#4.2.1.10

  • See also: https://github.com/FiloSottile/mkcert/pull/309/commits/922158ed6856077c8b07478d67e0a7a930b90510#r1805672121