(note: sadly hcl does not work with modern nodejs)
Douglas Crockford has called JavaScript "Lisp in C's clothing"1. Hot Cocoa Lisp could be described as an attempt to put it back into Lisp's clothing. The basic idea is a language with the syntax of Lisp that compiles to JavaScript, much like CoffeeScript. Like CoffeeScript, you should be able to use existing JavaScript libraries seamlessly from Hot Cocoa Lisp and vice-versa. Hot Cocoa Lisp emphasizes functional programming by providing a natural syntax for highly nested function calls and providing tools to make common functional idioms more natural while maintaining all of the good parts of JavaScript.
This implementation runs using Node.js as a convenient command line interface for JavaScript. It is often convenient to also use Node.js to run code compiled from Hot Cocoa Lisp. Many of the examples below assume basic familiarity with the Node.js CLI.
The syntax of Hot Cocoa Lisp is a combination of that of JavaScript
and that of Lisp. Functions calls take the form of Lisp style
S-expressions and, like Lisp, every syntax in the language takes the
form of function call. Additionally, the dotted object access syntax
from JavaScript (e.g. foo.bar) is allowed. So for example:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(console.log "Hello World!")JavaScript
console.log("Hello World!");Hot Cocoa Lisp can be installed using npm:
$ npm -g install hot-cocoa-lispOnce installed a file can be compiled and run using hcl -n:
$ cat hello.hcl
(console.log "Hello World!")
$ hcl -n hello.hcl
Hello World!There is also a REPL:
$ hcl
hcl> (+ 1 2 3)
6More instructions can be found using hcl --help
I've created a FreeCell game as an example of a small program in Hot Cocoa Lisp. It can be found at https://github.com/olleicua/FreeCell
I've also created a mandelbrot set explorer using the HTML5 canvas in Hot Cocoa Lisp. It can be found at https://github.com/olleicua/hcl-canvas-mandelbrot
Array and object literals can be declared exactly as they can in JavaScript with the exception that the commas and colons are optional.
Elements of arrays and objects can be accessed using get. (Or
synonymously nth). get is equivalent to the JavaScript syntax
obj[key].
Variables can be initialized with var or def. The two are
synonyms but def is preferred when the value is expected not to
change and var is preferred when it might change.
The values of variables and elements of objects and arrays can be
modified using set which is equivalent to the JavaScript a = b.
set has a special form with 3 arguments which can be used to modify
an element of an object or array and is equivalent to the JavaScript
a[b] = c.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
;; initialize variables
(var foo 7)
(var bar [ 1 2 3 ] )
(var baz)
;; access
(console.log (get bar 0)) ; 1
;; assignments
(set (get bar 3) 4)
(set baz { one 1 two 2 } )
(set baz.three 3)
(set (get baz "four") 4)
(set baz "four" 4) ; alternate special formJavaScript
var foo = 7, bar = [1, 2, 3], baz;
console.log(bar[0]); // 1
bar[3] = 4;
baz = { one: 1, two: 2 };
baz.three = 3;
baz["four"] = 4;It should be noted that unlike Lisp, words in places besides the beginning of an S-expression are not symbols that can be manipulated as values, evaluated, or quoted to prevent evaluation. Rather they are simply identifiers and they work exactly as they would in JavaScript with the exception that they aren't limited to the characters normally allowed in JavaScript identifiers (see Syntax Details below).
As with Lisp, the ; character begins a one line comment.
Function literals (a.k.a. lambdas) can be defined using lambda,
which can also be spelled function, or the much shorter #. Because
in JavaScript (just like Scheme) functions occupy the same namespace
as other variables, a simple function definition can be made using a
combination of def and #:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(def factorial
(# (n)
(if (< n 2) 1
(* n (factorial (- n 1))))))JavaScript
var factorial = (function(n) { return ((n < 2) ? 1 : factorial(n - 1)) });As in JavaScript, it is possible to create recursive anonomous functions by giving them a name. If the first argument to the function constructor is an identifier then it is assumed to be in this form:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
((# factorial (n)
(if (< n 2) 1
(* n (factorial (- n 1))))) 5) ; 120JavaScript
(function factorial(n) { return (((n < 2)) ? 1 : (n * factorial((n - 1)))); })(5) // 120Three basic loops are provided in Hot Cocoa Lisp: while, times, and
for.
while is the familiar while loop from JavaScript:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(var input)
(while (!= "exit" (set input (prompt "enter a command")))
(alert (cat "You entered the command: " input)))
(alert "Goodbye")JavaScript
var input;
(function() {while ((("exit" !== (input = prompt("enter a command"))))) { alert(("You entered the command: " + input)); }}).call(this);
alert("Goodbye");It's worth noting that the normal JavaScript looping construct gets wrapped in a function call here to ensure that while expression can be nested inside of larger expression for example:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(var input)
(if (!= "yes" (prompt "do you want to enter a loop?")) (alert "ok")
(while (!= "exit" (set input (prompt "enter a command")))
(alert (cat "You entered the command: " input))))
(alert "Goodbye")JavaScript
var input;
((!== "yes" prompt("do you want to enter a loop?")) ? alert("ok") : (function() {while ((("exit" !== (input = prompt("enter a command"))))) { alert(("You entered the command: " + input)); }}).call(this));
alert("Goodbye");times is a standard loop that counts up from 0 to n:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(times (x 10)
(console.log x))JavaScript
(function() { for (var x = 0; x < 10; x++) { console.log(x); }}).call(this);for takes two forms depending on whether its first argument has 2 or
3 elements. With 2 the for acts like a Python-style for loop. With
3 the for acts like a for loop from JavaScript or C.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(for (x [ 2 4 6 ] )
(console.log(x)))
(for ((var x 1) (< x 100) (set* x 2))
(console.log(x)))JavaScript
(function() { for (var _i_ = 0; _i_ < [2, 4, 6].length; _i_++) { var x = [2, 4, 6][_i_]; console.log(x); }}).call(this);
(function() { for (var x = 1; x < 100; x *= 2) { console.log(x); }}).call(this);The set* above is equivalent to the JavaScript *= operator. There
are similar constructs for other arithmetic operators including
set+, set-, and set/.
As with JavaScript, user defined functions can take any number of
arguments. If more arguments are specified in the API then are passed
in the call, the extra arguments are assigned the value undefined.
All arguments are then stored in the arguments object. Unlike
JavaScript, arbitrary arguments can also be captured using splats. If
the last argument specified in the API ends with three dots then all
remaining arguments passed are stored in an array.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(def print-numbers
(# (label numbers...)
(for (n numbers)
(console.log (cat label ": " n)))))
(print-numbers "num" 1 2 3)JavaScript
print_hyphen_numbers = (function(label) {var numbers = [].slice.call(arguments, 1), _i0_, n; return (function() {for (_i0_ = 0; _i0_ < numbers.length; _i0_++) { var n = numbers[_i0_]; console.log((label + ": " + n)); }}).call(this); });
print_hyphen_numbers("num", 1, 2, 3);Output
num: 1
num: 2
num: 3One of the downsides of emphasizing a functional style is that making the compiled JavaScript Source readable is basically a lost cause. For this reason inline annotations of the original source code are added to the compiled output to provide context for debugging purposes.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
;; define a function
(def do-math (# (x) (+ (* 7 x) (- x / 3))))
;; complex functional expression
(times (x 10)
(if (< x 5)
(console.log (do-math x))
(console.log (do-math (do-math x)))))JavaScript
var do_hyphen_math, x;
// ;; define a function
// (def do-math (# (x) (+ (* 7 x) (/ x 3))))
do_hyphen_math = (function(x) { return ((7 * x) + (x / 3)); });
// ;; complex functional expression
// (times (x 10)
// (if (< x 5)
// (console.log (do-math x))
// (console.log (do-math (do-math x)))))
(function() {for (x = 0; x < 10; x++) { (((x < 5)) ? console.log(do_hyphen_math(x)) : console.log(do_hyphen_math(do_hyphen_math(x)))); }}).call(this);The -u flag makes Underscore.js 1.4.3 available at the top level.
Each property of the _ object is added as a top level function. For
example:
(def _ (require "underscore"))
(console.log (_.map [ 1 2 3 ] (# (x) (+ 2 x))))could be written using the -u flag as
(console.log (map [ 1 2 3 ] (# (x) (+ 2 x))))This also works in the REPL.
The literal values true, false, null, undefined, and NaN
work exactly as they do in JavaScript with the exception that the
built-in functions for determining the types of values will
differentiate null and NaN into their own types (null and nan
respectively).
(type true) ; "boolean"
(type false) ; "boolean"
(type null) ; "null"
(type undefined) ; "undefined"
(type NaN) ; "nan"Number literals follow the JSON
specification2 for numbers. That is to say
anything that matches the regular expression
-?(0|[1-9][0-9]*)(\.[0-9]+)?([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)? is parsed as a
number. Infinity and -Infinity are also interpreted as
numbers. Additionally, fractions of the form x/y where x and y
are sequences of digits that don't begin with 0 are interpreted as
numbers and wrapped in parentheses to elliminate order of operations
issues. For example:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(+ 1 1/2) ; 1.5Compiled JavaScript
(1 + (1/2)) // 1.5String literals work just as they do in JavaScript.
Identifiers in Hot Cocoa Lisp may contain any combination of letters digits or any of the following characters:
_, !, ?, $, %, &, @, #, |, ~, *, +, -, =, /,
<, >, ^, or `
Identifiers may not begin with digits or be interpretable as a
number. For example -1 will be parsed as a number and not an
identifier. Identifiers with characters that aren't normally allowed
in JavaScript are represented by replacing all occurrences of symbols
not normally allowed in JavaScript identifiers with underscore
delimited place-holders, for example a/b becomes a_slash_b. To
prevent accidental overlap _ is replaced with __. This creates an
inconvenience in the case that global variables from external
libraries written in JavaScript contain underscores. It is always
possible to access them via the global object (global in Node.js or
window in a browser) however because this can be somewhat
unreliable, the from-js function is provided:
External JavaScript Library
some_cool_global_variable = { ... }Hot Cocoa Lisp
(make-use-of (from-js some_cool_global_variable))Compiled JavaScript
make_hyphen_use_hyphen_of(some_cool_global_variable);Array and object literals are translated by the parser into S-expressions so:
{ colors [ "red" "blue" "green" ]
shapes [ "square" "triangle" ] }is equivalent to
(object colors (array "red" "blue" "green")
shapes (array "square" "triangle"))either will be compiled to
{ colors: ["red", "blue", "green"], shapes: ["square", "triangle"] }Dotted object access is also translated by the parser to S-expressions. This means that
(set foo.bar (snap.crackle.pop))is equivalent to
(set (. foo bar) ((. snap crackle pop)))which will be compiled to
foo.bar = snap.crackle.pop();Hot Cocoa Lisp
;; define a function
(def do-math (# (x) (+ (* 7 x) (- x / 3))))
;; complex functional expression
(times (x 10)
(if (< x 5)
(console.log (do-math x))
(console.log (do-math (do-math x)))))JavaScript
var do_hyphen_math, x;
// ;; define a function
// (def do-math (# (x) (+ (* 7 x) (/ x 3))))
do_hyphen_math = (function(x) { return ((7 * x) + (x / 3)); });
// ;; complex functional expression
// (times (x 10)
// (if (< x 5)
// (console.log (do-math x))
// (console.log (do-math (do-math x)))))
(function() {for (x = 0; x < 10; x++) { (((x < 5)) ? console.log(do_hyphen_math(x)) : console.log(do_hyphen_math(do_hyphen_math(x)))); }}).call(this);The following reference describes all of the syntaxes built into Hot Cocoa Lisp.
Functions marked with * don't necessarily compile all of their arguments.
Functions marked with ** can be accessed by their names in positions other than the beginning of an S-expression. For example:
;; this should be compiled with the -u flag to include map from underscore
(map [ 1 2 3 ] +1) ; [ 2 3 4 ]**
(nop)Takes 0 arguments and returns undefined.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(def bogus-function (# () (nop)))JavaScript
var bogus_hyphen_function = (function() { return undefined; });*
(. object keys...)Takes 2 or more arguments and does chained object access.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(. object key1 key2)JavaScript
object.key1.key2;**
Synonyms: nth
(get object key)Takes 2 arguments and does object or array access.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(get object key)JavaScript
object[key]Synonyms: array
(list ...)Takes 0 or more arguments and creates an array literal.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(list 1 2 3 4)JavaScript
[1, 2, 3, 4]*
(object ...)Takes an even number of arguments and creates an object literal. The first in each pair of arguments is interpreted as a key (and converted to a string if it is an identifier) and the second in each pair is compiled and interpreted as a value.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(object x 1 y 2 z 3)JavaScript
{ "x": 1, "y": 2, "z": 3 }**
Synonyms: new
(inherit obj)Takes 1 argument and creates a new object that inherits prototypally from it.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(var foo { a 1 } )
(var bar (inherit foo))
(get bar "a") ; 1JavaScript
var foo = { a: 1 };
var bar = Object.create(foo);
bar["a"] ; 1**
(if condition yes no)Takes 3 arguments. Evaluates and returns the second if the first evaluates to true. Otherwise evaluates and returns the third.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(if (= 1 number) "one" "not one")JavaScript
((1 === number) ? "one" : "not one")(begin statements...)Takes 1 or more arguments, evaluates each of them in turn and returns the last.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(if (condition)
(begin (thing1) (thing2))
(begin (thing3) (thing4)))JavaScript
(condition() ? (function() { thing1(); return thing2(); }).call(this) : (function() { thing3(); return thing4(); }).call(this) (when condition statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Check whether the first evaluates to true then evaluates the rest if the first was true. Returns the last statement evaluated.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(when (output-requested)
(console.log things)
(document.write things))JavaScript
(output_hyphen_requested() && (function() { console.log(things); return document.write(things); }).call(this)) (unless condition statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Check whether the first evaluates to true then evaluates the rest if the first wasn't true. Returns the last statement evaluated.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(unless (output-requested)
(console.log things)
(document.write things))JavaScript
(! output_hyphen_requested() && (function() { console.log(things); return document.write(things); }).call(this))*
(cond conditions...)Takes 1 or more condition/result pairs. Evaluates and returns the
first result whose condition returns true and undefined if none do.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(cond
((list? x) (x.join " "))
((object? x) "[OBJECT]")
(true x))JavaScript
((Object.prototype.toString.call(x) === "[object Array]") ? x.join(" ") : (x !== null && typeof(x) === "object") ? "[OBJECT]" : true ? x : undefined) (while condition statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Evaluates the arguments after the first
repeatedly as long as the first evaluates to a truthy value. Returns undefined.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(var i 10)
(while (-- i)
(alert i))JavaScript
var i = 10;
(function() {while (i--) { alert(i); }}).call(this); (until condition statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Evaluates the arguments after the first
repeatedly as long as the first evaluates to a falsey value. Returns undefined.
*
(for loop_init statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments.
If the first argument is has two elements:
(for (iterator array) statements...)The statements are evaluated once for each element of the array with the iterator assigned to that element.
If the first argument is has three elements:
(for (init condition iterator) statements...)The init is evaluated once at the beginning then until the condition evaluates to false the statements are evaluated and then the iterator is evaluated.
Returns undefined.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(for (x my-list)
(alert x))
(for ((var x 1) (< x 20) (set* x 2))
(alert x))JavaScript
(function() {for (var _i0_ = 0; _i0_ < my_hyphen_list.length; _i0_++) { var x = my_hyphen_list[_i0_]; alert(x); }}).call(this);
(function() {for (var x = 1; ((x < 20)); (x *= 2)) { alert(x); }}).call(this);*
(times (iterator number) statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments. The statements are evaluated once for each
non-negative integer less than the number with the iterator assigned
to that integer. Returns undefined.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(times (_ 10) (process.stdout.write " "))JavaScript
(function() {for (__ = 0; __ < 10; __++) { process.stdout.write(" "); }}).call(this);Synonyms: throw
(error message)Takes 1 argument. Throws a new error with the specified message.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(error "This isn't meant to happen")JavaScript
(function() {throw new Error("This isn't meant to happen");}).call(this);*
(attempt try [catch] [finally])Takes 2-3 arguments. Creates a try..catch..finally block. It can take any of the following three forms:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(attempt
(try (things))
(catch e
(handle-error e)))JavaScript
try {
things();
} catch (e) {
handle_hyphen_error(e);
}Hot Cocoa Lisp
(attempt
(try (things))
(finally (finish things)))JavaScript
try {
things();
} finally {
finish(things);
}Hot Cocoa Lisp
(attempt
(try (things))
(catch e
(handle-error e))
(finally (finish things)))JavaScript
try {
things();
} catch (e) {
handle_hyphen_error(e);
} finally {
finish(things);
}Returns undefined.
**
Takes 0 arguments and returns a random number between 0 and 1.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(random-float)JavaScript
Math.random();**
Takes 1 argument and returns a random non negative integer lower than it.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(random-integer 7)JavaScript
parseInt(Math.random() * 7);**
Synonyms: car
Takes an array and returns its first element.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(first [1 2 3]) ; 1JavaScript
[1, 2, 3][0] // 1**
Synonyms: cadr
Takes an array and returns its second element.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(second [1 2 3]) ; 2JavaScript
[1, 2, 3][1] // 2**
Takes an array and returns its last element.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(last [1 2 3]) ; 3JavaScript
[1, 2, 3][[1, 2, 3].length - 1] // 3**
Takes an array and returns all but its last element.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(initial [1 2 3]) ; [ 1 2 ]JavaScript
[].slice.call([1, 2, 3], 0, [1, 2, 3].length - 1) // [1, 2]**
Synonyms: cdr
Takes an array and returns all but its first element.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(rest [1 2 3]) ; [ 2 3 ]JavaScript
[].slice.call([1, 2, 3], 1) // [2, 3]**
Takes an object and an array and returns a new array beginning with the object and ending with the array
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(cons 1 [2 3]) ; [ 1 2 3 ]JavaScript
[1].concat([2, 3]) // [1, 2, 3]**
Synonyms: cat
(+ summand1 additional_summands...)Takes 2 or more arguments and applies the JavaScript + operator to
them in order.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(+ 1 2 3) ; 6
(cat "foo" "bar" "baz") ; "foobarbaz"JavaScript
(1 + 2 + 3) // 6
("foo" + "bar" + "baz") // "foobarbaz"**
(+1 summand)Takes 1 argument. Adds 1 to the summand.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(+1 7) ; 8JavaScript
(7 + 1) // 8**
(- args...)Takes 1 or more arguments.
Take one of the following two forms:
(- number)The opposite of the number is returned.
(- minuend subtrahends...)Subtracts each of the subtrahends from the minuend.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(- 7) ; -7
(- 7 2) ; 5
(- 7 2 3) ; 2JavaScript
(- 7) // -7
(7 - 2) // 5
(7 - 2 - 3) // 2**
(--1 minuend)Takes 1 argument. Subtracts 1 from the minuend.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(--1 8) ; 7JavaScript
(8 - 1) // 7**
(* factor1 additional_factors...)Takes 2 or more arguments and multiplies them together.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(* 2 3 4) ; 24JavaScript
(2 * 3 * 4) // 24**
Synonyms: double
(*2 factor)Takes 1 argument. Multiplies the factor by 2.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(*2 5) ; 10JavaScript
(5 * 2) // 10**
(/ dividend divisors...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Divides the dividend by each of the divisors.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(/ 10 2) ; 5
(/ 100 2 5) ; 10JavaScript
(10 / 2) // 5
(100 / 2 / 5) // 10**
Synonyms: half
(/2 dividend)Takes 1 argument. Divides the dividend by 2.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(/2 8) ; 4JavaScript
(8 / 2) // 4**
(^ base exponent)Takes 2 arguments. Returns the base to the power of the exponent.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(^ 2 5) ; 32JavaScript
Math.pow(2, 5) // 32**
Synonyms: square
(^2 base)Takes 1 argument. Squares the base.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(^2 9) ; 81JavaScript
(9 * 9) // 81**
(sqrt number)Takes 1 argument. Returns the square root of the number.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(sqrt 100) ; 10JavaScript
Math.sqrt(100) // 10**
Synonyms: mod
(% number moduli...)Takes 2 or more arguments. For each of the moduli the number is replaced by the remainder of number / modulus.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(% 26 10) ; 6
(% 1010 100 7) ; 3JavaScript
(26 % 10) // 6
(1010 % 100 % 7) // 3**
Synonyms: lt?
(< number additional_numbers...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Returns true if the each number is larger than the previous.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(< 2 3)
(< 10 15 20 25)JavaScript
(2 < 3)
((10 < 15) && (15 < 20) && (20 < 25))**
Synonyms: gt?
(> number additional_numbers...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Returns true if the each number is smaller than the previous.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(> 3 2)
(> 25 20 15 10)JavaScript
(3 > 2)
((25 > 20) && (20 > 15) && (15 > 10))**
Synonyms: lte?
(<= number additional_numbers...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Returns true if the each number is smaller than or equal to the previous.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(<= 2 3)
(<= 15 15 20 25)JavaScript
(2 <= 3)
((15 <= 15) && (15 <= 20) && (20 <= 25))**
Synonyms: gte?
(>= number additional_numbers...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Returns true if the each number is larger than or equal to the previous.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(>= 3 2)
(>= 20 20 15 10)JavaScript
(3 >= 2)
((20 >= 20) && (20 >= 15) && (15 >= 10))**
Synonyms: is, is?, eq, eq?, equal, equal?, equals, equals?
(= arg1 args...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Returns true if all of the arguments are equal.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(= 2 2)
(= 20 20 20)JavaScript
(2 === 2)
((20 === 20) && (20 === 20))**
Synonyms: isnt, isnt?, neq, neq?
(!= arg1 args...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Returns true if none of the adjacent arguments are equal.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(= 2 3)
(= 20 21 22)JavaScript
(2 !== 3)
((20 !== 21) && (21 !== 22))**
Synonyms: zero?
(=0 number)Takes 1 argument. Returns true if the number is 0.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(=0 0)JavaScript
(0 === 0)>0 (or positive?), <0 (or negative?), >=0 (or non-negative?),
and <=0 (or non-positive?) work similarly.
**
Synonyms: bit-and
(& number1 number2)Takes 2 arguments and performs a bitwise and between them.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(& 6 3) ; 7JavaScript
(6 & 3) // 7Synonyms: bit-or
**
(| number1 number2)Takes 2 arguments and performs a bitwise or between them.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(| 6 3) ; 2JavaScript
(6 | 3) // 2**
Synonyms: bit-shift-left
(<< number bits)Takes 2 arguments. Bit-shifts the number to the left by the specified number of bits.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(<< 1 2) ; 4JavaScript
(1 << 2) // 4**
Synonyms: bit-shift-right
(>> number bits)Takes 2 arguments. Bit-shifts the number to the left by the specified number of bits.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(>> 4 2) ; 1JavaScript
(4 >> 2) // 1**
Synonyms: not?, !
(not arg)Takes 1 argument and returns the boolean opposite of it.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(not true) ; falseJavaScript
(! true) ; false**
Synonyms: and?, &&
(and arg1 arg2...)Takes 2 or more arguments and returns true if all of them evaluate to true.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(and true true true)JavaScript
(true && true && true)**
Synonyms: or?, ||
(or arg1 arg2...)Takes 2 or more arguments and returns true if any of them evaluate to true.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(or false false true)JavaScript
(false || false || true)**
(xor arg1 arg2)Takes 2 arguments returns true if exactly one of them evaluates to true.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(xor true false)JavaScript
((true || false) && (! (true && false)))Synonyms: var
(def name [value])Takes 1-2 arguments. Initialize a new variable in the current scope with the specified name. Assign the value to it if one is specified.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(def foo 1)JavaScript
var foo = 1;def will give a compile error if the name is a function built into
Hot Cocoa Lisp or if the -u flag is specified and the name is an
underscore method.
(set variable [key] value)Takes 2-3 arguments.
If the first argument is a list then a destructuring bind is performed:
(set (a b) (b a))swaps the values in b and a
If 2 arguments are given:
(set l_value r_value)Assigns the r_value to the l_value and returns the r_value.
If 3 arguments are given:
(set object key value)Assigns the specified value to the specified key in the object and returns the value.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(set foo 10)
(set bar baz 12)JavaScript
(foo = 10)
(bar[baz] = 12)If the first argument to set is a list then the result is a
destructuring bind:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(var obj {})
(def foo (# () ["foo" "bar"]))
(set (obj.foo obj.bar) (foo))
;; obj is now {foo "foo" bar "bar"}JavaScript
var obj = {};
var foo = function() { return ["foo", "bar"]; };
(function(_array_){ obj.foo = _array_[0]; obj.bar = _array_[1]; return _array_; }).call(this, foo()); (set+ variable [key] summand)Takes 2-3 arguments.
If 2 arguments are given:
(set+ l_value summand)Adds the summand to the l_value and returns the new value.
If 3 arguments are given:
(set+ object key summand)Adds the summand to the value associated with the specified key in the object and returns the new value.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(set+ foo 10)
(set+ bar baz 12)JavaScript
(foo += 10)
(bar[baz] += 12)set-, set*, set/, set%, set<<, set>>, set|, and set& all
work the same as set+ except with subtraction, multiplication,
division, modular arithmetic, bit-shifting (left and right), bitwise
or, and bitwise and respectively.
Synonyms: inc
(++ number)Takes 1 argument and increments it.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(++ number)JavaScript
number++Synonyms: dec
(-- number)Takes 1 argument and decrements it.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(-- number)JavaScript
number--*
(let (assignments...) statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments. There must be an even number of assignments. The second of each pair of assignments is evaluated and assigned to the first in a new scope. Then the statements are evaluated in that scope. The result of the last statement is returned.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(let (a 1 b 2)
(+ a b))JavaScript
(function(a, b) { return (a + b); }).call(this, 1, 2)let can also do destructuring assignments:
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(let ((a b) foo)
(+ a b))JavaScript
(function(a, b) { return (a + b); }).call(this, foo[0], foo[1])* Synonyms: lambda, function
(# (args...) statements...)Takes 2 or more arguments. Creates a new function literal with the specified arguments and statements.
If the final argument specified has three dots after it then it is a splat and all of the remaining arguments passed are assigned to it in an array.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(# (a b) (* a b))
(# (args...) (map args +1))JavaScript
(function(a, b) { return (a * b); })
(function() {var args = [].slice.call(arguments, 0); return map(args, function(x){return x+1;}); })**
(nil? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is null or undefined.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(nil? foo)JavaScript
(foo === null || foo === undefined)**
(boolean? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is true or false.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(boolean? foo)JavaScript
(typeof(foo) === "boolean")**
(number? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is a number.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(number? foo)JavaScript
(typeof(foo) === "number" && (! isNaN(foo)))**
(string? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is a string.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(string? foo)JavaScript
(typeof(foo) === "string")**
Synonyms: array?
(list? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is an array.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(list? foo)JavaScript
(Object.prototype.toString.call(foo) === "[object Array]")**
(object? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is an object.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(object? foo)JavaScript
(Object.prototype.toString.call(foo) === "[object Object]")**
Synonyms: regex?, regexp?
(re? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is a regular expression.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(re? foo)JavaScript
(Object.prototype.toString.call(foo) === "[object Regexp]")**
Synonyms: lambda?, #?
(function? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is a function.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(function? foo)JavaScript
(typeof(foo) === "function")**
(empty? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is null or has a length of 0.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(empty? foo)JavaScript
(foo === null || (foo).length === 0)**
(integer? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is an integer.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(integer? foo)JavaScript
(typeof(foo) === "number" && foo % 1 === 0)**
(even? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is divisible by 2.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(even? foo)JavaScript
(foo % 2 === 0)**
(odd? arg)Takes 1 argument and returns true if it is an integer and not divisible by 2.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(odd? foo)JavaScript
(foo % 2 === 1)**
(contains? array value)Takes 2 arguments. Returns true if the array contains the value.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(contains? [ 1 2 3 ] 2)JavaScript
([1, 2, 3].indexOf(2) !== -1)**
Synonyms: typeof
(type arg)Takes 1 argument and returns a string specifying its type. The types are null, undefined, nan, boolean, number, string, array, object, regex, and function.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(type foo)JavaScript
(function(_value_, _signature_) { return ((_signature_ === "[object Array]") ? "array" : (_signature_ === "[object RegExp]") ? "regex" : (_value_ === null) ? "null" : (_value_ !== _value_) ? "nan" : typeof(_value_)); }).call(this, foo, Object.prototype.toString.call(foo))**
(string arg)Takes 1 argument and converts it to a string.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(string 10) ; "10"JavaScript
(10).toString() // "10"**
(number arg)Takes 1 argument and converts it to a number.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(number "10") ; 10JavaScript
parseFloat("10") // 10**
(integer arg1)Takes 1 argument and converts it to an integer.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(integer "10.1") ; 10JavaScript
Math.floor(parseFloat("10.1"))Synonyms: regex, regexp
(re expression [options])Takes 1-2 arguments. Creates a regular expression literal from the specified string and options. Only one backslash is needed to escape special characters in the expression.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(re "foo" "m")
(re "foo\b")JavaScript
(new RegExp("foo", "m"))
(new RegExp("foo\\b"))**
(replace subject search replace)Takes 3 strings. Returns a copy of the first with all instances of the second replaced with the third.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(replace "1.800.555.5555" "." "-") ; "1-800.555.5555"
(replace "1.800.555.5555" (re "\." "g") "-") ; "1-800-555-5555"JavaScript
"1.800.555.5555".replace(".", "-") // "1-800.555.5555"
"1.800.555.5555".replace((new RegExp(".", "g")), "-") // "1-800-555-5555"**
(format format-string replacements)Takes a string and either a list or an object. Replaces each instance
of ~~ in the format string with the value in the replacements list
corresponding to the index of that ~~ (for example the 0th ~~ will
be replaced by the 0th element of the replacements list). Replaces
each instance ~foo~ in the format string with the value in the
replacements object associated with the key "foo" (where foo could
be any string that contains no tildes.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(format "(~~) (~~) (~~)" [ 1 7 19 ] ) ; "(1) (7) (19)"
(format " *~stars~* _~underbars~_ " { stars "foo"
underbars "bar" } ) ; " *foo* _bar_ "JavaScript
var format = function(f,v){var i=0;return f.replace(/~([a-zA-Z0-9_]*)~/g,function(_,k){if(k===''){k=i;i++;}if(v[k]===undefined){return'';}return v[k];})};
format("(~~) (~~) (~~)", [1, 7, 19]); // "(1) (7) (19)"
format(" *~stars~* _~underbars~_ ", { "stars": "foo", "underbars": "bar" }); // " *foo* _bar_ "**
Synonyms: length, count
(size arg)Takes 1 argument and returns its size.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(size [ 1 2 3 ] ) ; 3JavaScript
[1, 2, 3].length // 3 (compile file)Takes a path to a file and runs the hcl compiler on that file.
Returns the path to the compiled JavaScript file. This is useful for
dependency management. It is worth noting that the Node.js module
system allows for cyclic dependencies. The behavior of require in
the cyclic case is document at
(http://nodejs.org/api/modules.html#modules_cycles)[http://nodejs.org/api/modules.html#modules_cycles].
compile makes sure to only recompile a given file at most once per
compilation to allow for these cyclic dependencies.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(require (compile "foo.hcl"))JavaScript
require("foo.js") // guaranteed up to date*
(from-js identifier)Takes an identifier and inserts it into the compiled source verbatim. Throws an error if the identifier isn't a valid Javascript identifier.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(from-js foo_bar)JavaScript
foo_barSynonyms: load
(require path)Calls the require method. This exists only to support the load
synonym and to fix a problem with load paths in the repl.
Hot Cocoa Lisp
(load "./foo")JavaScript
require("./foo")