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onflow / flow-go-sdk

Tools for building Go applications on Flow :ocean:
https://onflow.org
Apache License 2.0
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Flow Go SDK

GoDoc

The Flow Go SDK provides a set of packages for Go developers to build applications that interact with the Flow network.

Note: This SDK is also fully compatible with the Flow Emulator and can be used for local development.

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What is Flow?

Flow is a new blockchain for open worlds. Read more about it here.

Table of Contents

Getting Started

Installing

To start using the SDK, install Go 1.13 or above and run go get:

go get github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk

Building and testing Go commands with the SDK require enabling cgo CGO_ENABLED=1 because of the underlying cryptography library. Refer to the crypto repository build for more details.

Note that it is possible to build with cgo disabled CGO_ENABLED=0, but this requires confirming the choice by using the Go build tag no-cgo. This would disable the crypto BLS signature features of the SDK. Any call of a BLS tool would result in a panic.

Generating Keys

Flow uses ECDSA to control access to user accounts. Each key pair can be used in combination with the SHA2-256 or SHA3-256 hashing algorithms.

Here's how to generate an ECDSA private key for the P-256 (secp256r1) curve:

import "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk/crypto"

// deterministic seed phrase
// note: this is only an example, please use a secure random generator for the key seed
seed := []byte("elephant ears space cowboy octopus rodeo potato cannon pineapple")

privateKey, err := crypto.GeneratePrivateKey(crypto.ECDSA_P256, seed)

The private key can then be encoded as bytes (i.e. for storage):

encPrivateKey := privateKey.Encode()

A private key has an accompanying public key:

publicKey := privateKey.PublicKey()

Supported Curves

The example above uses an ECDSA key pair on the P-256 (secp256r1) elliptic curve. Flow also supports the secp256k1 curve used by Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Here's how to generate an ECDSA private key for the secp256k1 curve:

privateKey, err := crypto.GeneratePrivateKey(crypto.ECDSA_secp256k1, seed)

Here's a full list of the supported signature and hash algorithms: Flow Signature & Hash Algorithms

Accessing The Flow Network

You can communicate with any Flow Access Node using the Flow Go SDK. This includes official Access Nodes, nodes you run yourself, and hosted nodes. Flow Go SDK supports both gRPC and HTTP methods of communication with Access Nodes.

It's strongly recommended to use gRPC with Go SDK since it's more efficient and faster.

Here's how to create a new gRPC client for any network:

// You can also use grpc.TestnetHost and grpc.EmulatorHost
flowClient, _ := grpc.NewClient(grpc.MainnetHost)

Check out the http_grpc_clients example to learn more.

Creating an Account

Once you have generated a key pair, you can create a new account using its public key.

import (
    "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk"
    "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk/crypto"
    "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk/templates"
)

ctx := context.Background()

// generate a new private key for the account
// note: this is only an example, please use a secure random generator for the key seed
seed := []byte("elephant ears space cowboy octopus rodeo potato cannon pineapple")
privateKey, _ := crypto.GeneratePrivateKey(crypto.ECDSA_P256, seed)

// get the public key
publicKey := privateKey.PublicKey()

// construct an account key from the public key
accountKey := flow.NewAccountKey().
    SetPublicKey(publicKey).
    SetHashAlgo(crypto.SHA3_256).             // pair this key with the SHA3_256 hashing algorithm
    SetWeight(flow.AccountKeyWeightThreshold) // give this key full signing weight

// generate an account creation script
// this creates an account with a single public key and no code
script, _ := templates.CreateAccount([]*flow.AccountKey{accountKey}, nil)

// connect to an emulator running locally
c, err := client.New("localhost:3569")
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to connect to emulator")
}

payer, payerKey, payerSigner := examples.ServiceAccount(c)

tx := flow.NewTransaction().
    SetScript(script).
    SetGasLimit(100).
    SetProposalKey(payer, payerKey.Index, payerKey.SequenceNumber).
    SetPayer(payer)

err = tx.SignEnvelope(payer, payerKey.Index, payerSigner)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to sign transaction")
}

err = c.SendTransaction(ctx, *tx)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to send transaction")
}

result, err := c.GetTransactionResult(ctx, tx.ID())
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to get transaction result")
}

var myAddress flow.Address

if result.Status == flow.TransactionStatusSealed {
    for _, event := range result.Events {
        if event.Type == flow.EventAccountCreated {
            accountCreatedEvent := flow.AccountCreatedEvent(event)
            myAddress = accountCreatedEvent.Address()
        }
    }
}

Signing a Transaction

Below is a simple example of how to sign a transaction using a crypto.PrivateKey.

import (
    "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk"
    "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk/crypto"
)

var (
    myAddress    flow.Address
    myAccountKey flow.AccountKey
    myPrivateKey crypto.PrivateKey
)

tx := flow.NewTransaction().
    SetScript([]byte("transaction { execute { log(\"Hello, World!\") } }")).
    SetGasLimit(100).
    SetProposalKey(myAddress, myAccountKey.Index, myAccountKey.SequenceNumber).
    SetPayer(myAddress)

Transaction signing is done through the crypto.Signer interface. The simplest (and least secure) implementation of crypto.Signer is crypto.InMemorySigner.

Signatures can be generated more securely using keys stored in a hardware device such as an HSM. The crypto.Signer interface is intended to be flexible enough to support a variety of signer implementations and is not limited to in-memory implementations.

// construct a signer from your private key and configured hash algorithm
mySigner, err := crypto.NewInMemorySigner(myPrivateKey, myAccountKey.HashAlgo)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to create a signer")
}

err = tx.SignEnvelope(myAddress, myAccountKey.Index, mySigner)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to sign transaction")
}

How Signatures Work in Flow

Flow introduces new concepts that allow for more flexibility when creating and signing transactions. Before trying the examples below, we recommend that you read through the transaction signature documentation.

Single party, single signature

Account Key ID Weight
0x01 1 1000 
account1, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("01"))

key1 := account1.Keys[0]

// create signer from securely-stored private key
key1Signer := getSignerForKey1()

tx := flow.NewTransaction().
    SetScript([]byte(`
        transaction {
            prepare(signer: AuthAccount) { log(signer.address) }
        }
    `)).
    SetGasLimit(100).
    SetProposalKey(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1.SequenceNumber).
    SetPayer(account1.Address).
    AddAuthorizer(account1.Address)

// account 1 signs the envelope with key 1
err := tx.SignEnvelope(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1Signer)

Full Runnable Example

Single party, multiple signatures

Account Key ID Weight
0x01 1 500
0x01 2 500 
account1, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("01"))

key1 := account1.Keys[0]
key2 := account1.Keys[1]

// create signers from securely-stored private keys
key1Signer := getSignerForKey1()
key2Signer := getSignerForKey2()

tx := flow.NewTransaction().
    SetScript([]byte(`
        transaction {
            prepare(signer: AuthAccount) { log(signer.address) }
        }
    `)).
    SetGasLimit(100).
    SetProposalKey(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1.SequenceNumber).
    SetPayer(account1.Address).
    AddAuthorizer(account1.Address)

// account 1 signs the envelope with key 1
err := tx.SignEnvelope(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1Signer)

// account 1 signs the envelope with key 2
err = tx.SignEnvelope(account1.Address, key2.Index, key2Signer)

Full Runnable Example

Multiple parties

Account Key ID Weight
0x01 1 1000
0x02 3 1000 
account1, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("01"))
account2, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("02"))

key1 := account1.Keys[0]
key3 := account2.Keys[0]

// create signers from securely-stored private keys
key1Signer := getSignerForKey1()
key3Signer := getSignerForKey3()

tx := flow.NewTransaction().
    SetScript([]byte(`
        transaction {
            prepare(signer: AuthAccount) { log(signer.address) }
        }
    `)).
    SetGasLimit(100).
    SetProposalKey(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1.SequenceNumber).
    SetPayer(account2.Address).
    AddAuthorizer(account1.Address)

// account 1 signs the payload with key 1
err := tx.SignPayload(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1Signer)

// account 2 signs the envelope with key 3
// note: payer always signs last
err = tx.SignEnvelope(account2.Address, key3.Index, key3Signer)

Full Runnable Example

Multiple parties, two authorizers

Account Key ID Weight
0x01 1 1000
0x02 3 1000 
account1, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("01"))
account2, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("02"))

key1 := account1.Keys[0]
key3 := account2.Keys[0]

// create signers from securely-stored private keys
key1Signer := getSignerForKey1()
key3Signer := getSignerForKey3()

tx := flow.NewTransaction().
    SetScript([]byte(`
        transaction {
            prepare(signer1: AuthAccount, signer2: AuthAccount) {
              log(signer.address)
              log(signer2.address)
          }
        }
    `)).
    SetGasLimit(100).
    SetProposalKey(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1.SequenceNumber).
    SetPayer(account2.Address).
    AddAuthorizer(account1.Address).
    AddAuthorizer(account2.Address)

// account 1 signs the payload with key 1
err := tx.SignPayload(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1Signer)

// account 2 signs the envelope with key 3
// note: payer always signs last
err = tx.SignEnvelope(account2.Address, key3.Index, key3Signer)

Full Runnable Example

Multiple parties, multiple signatures

Account Key ID Weight
0x01 1 500
0x01 2 500
0x02 3 500
0x02 4 500 
account1, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("01"))
account2, _ := c.GetAccount(ctx, flow.HexToAddress("02"))

key1 := account1.Keys[0]
key2 := account1.Keys[1]
key3 := account2.Keys[0]
key4 := account2.Keys[1]

// create signers from securely-stored private keys
key1Signer := getSignerForKey1()
key2Signer := getSignerForKey1()
key3Signer := getSignerForKey3()
key4Signer := getSignerForKey4()

tx := flow.NewTransaction().
    SetScript([]byte(`
        transaction {
            prepare(signer: AuthAccount) { log(signer.address) }
        }
    `)).
    SetGasLimit(100).
    SetProposalKey(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1.SequenceNumber).
    SetPayer(account2.Address).
    AddAuthorizer(account1.Address)

// account 1 signs the payload with key 1
err := tx.SignPayload(account1.Address, key1.Index, key1Signer)

// account 1 signs the payload with key 2
err = tx.SignPayload(account1.Address, key2.Index, key2Signer)

// account 2 signs the envelope with key 3
// note: payer always signs last
err = tx.SignEnvelope(account2.Address, key3.Index, key3Signer)

// account 2 signs the envelope with key 4
// note: payer always signs last
err = tx.SignEnvelope(account2.Address, key4.Index, key4Signer)

Full Runnable Example

Sending a Transaction

You can submit a transaction to the network using the Access API client.

import "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk/access"

// connect to an emulator running locally
c, err := client.New("localhost:3569")
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to connect to emulator")
}

ctx := context.Background()

err = c.SendTransaction(ctx, tx)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to send transaction")
}

Querying Transaction Results

After you have submitted a transaction, you can query its status by ID:

result, err := c.GetTransactionResult(ctx, tx.ID())
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to fetch transaction result")
}

The result includes a Status field that will be one of the following values:

if result.Status == flow.TransactionStatusSealed {
  fmt.Println("Transaction is sealed!")
}

The result also contains an Error that holds the error information for a failed transaction.

if result.Error != nil {
    fmt.Printf("Transaction failed with error: %v\n", result.Error)
}

Querying Blocks

You can use the GetLatestBlock method to fetch the latest sealed or unsealed block:

// fetch the latest sealed block
isSealed := true
latestBlock, err := c.GetLatestBlock(ctx, isSealed)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to fetch latest sealed block")
}

// fetch the latest unsealed block
isSealed := false
latestBlock, err := c.GetLatestBlock(ctx, isSealed)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to fetch latest unsealed block")
}

A block contains the following fields:

Executing a Script

You can use the ExecuteScriptAtLatestBlock method to execute a read-only script against the latest sealed execution state.

This functionality can be used to read state from the blockchain.

Scripts must be in the following form:

This is an example of a valid script:

fun main(): Int { return 1 }
import "github.com/onflow/cadence"

script := []byte("fun main(): Int { return 1 }")

value, err := c.ExecuteScriptAtLatestBlock(ctx, script, nil)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to execute script")
}

ID := value.(cadence.Int)

// convert to Go int type
myID := ID.Int()

Querying Events

You can query events with the GetEventsForHeightRange function:

import "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk/access"

blocks, err := c.GetEventsForHeightRange(ctx, client.EventRangeQuery{
    Type:       "flow.AccountCreated",
    StartHeight: 10,
    EndHeight:   15,
})
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to query events")
}

Event Query Format

An event query includes the following fields:

Type

The event type to filter by. Event types are namespaced by the account and contract in which they are declared.

For example, a Transfer event that was defined in the Token contract deployed at account 0x55555555555555555555 will have a type of A.0x55555555555555555555.Token.Transfer.

Read the language documentation for more information on how to define and emit events in Cadence.

StartHeight, EndHeight

The blocks to filter by. Events will be returned from blocks in the range StartHeight to EndHeight, inclusive.

Event Results

The GetEventsForHeightRange function returns events grouped by block. Each block contains a list of events matching the query in order of execution.

for _, block := range blocks {
    fmt.Printf("Events for block %s:\n", block.BlockID)
    for _, event := range block.Events {
        fmt.Printf(" - %s", event)
    }
}

Querying Accounts

You can query the state of an account with the GetAccount function:

import "github.com/onflow/flow-go-sdk"

address := flow.HexToAddress("01")

account, err := c.GetAccount(ctx, address)
if err != nil {
    panic("failed to fetch account")
}

A flow.Account contains the following fields:

Examples

The examples directory contains code samples that use the SDK to interact with the Flow Emulator.