Linux on Google Pixel C (2015)

The Pixel C is an Android based tablet released by Google in 2015. Originally intended to be a Chrome OS device, Google went with Android in the end which greatly reduced the usefulness of the device.

We weren't satisfied with this situation and even though Google has since dropped the device, the hardware is still very good today and thus we've created this project to make it into a legitimate productivity device.

Hardware

The specifications of the Pixel C are as follows:

• Nvidia Tegra X1 Aarch64 SoC
• 3GB RAM
• 10.2" 1:1.4 2560x1800 IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen
• 8MP primary camera, 2MP secondary camera
• Broadcom BCM4354 802.11ac Wi-Fi + Bluetooth 4.0
• USB Type C
• 32 or 64GB internal memory
• 34.2 Wh Li-Po battery

Distribution status

It should be fairly easy to get any distribution to work, and infrastructure to provide premade platformfs tarballs for supported distributions is being worked on.

As of currently, the following distributions are confirmed working:

Arch Linux Arm

Maintained by @denvit.

Void Linux aarch64 (glibc or musl)

Current status: Maintainer inactive

Maintained by @q66.

Hardware support status

CURRENT RELEASE: 4.18-rc4

We have kernel branches for the latest release candidate (or stable when no RC is currently released) as well as the linux-next repository, all supplied with custom patches for the device as well as backported patches from other sources. If you want "latest and greatest" support, you will need to use our next branch, which may also happen to be more unstable than the others; otherwise, the current primary release candidate branch should be relatively stable, but might have various things missing.

What is working?

• Boot
• Display and backlight
• 3D acceleration - partial (needs firmware and patched Mesa 18.1 or better)
• Wi-Fi and Bluetooth (needs firmware)
• USB 3.0/2.0/partial 1.x, host mode only
• eMMC storage - partial
• Lightbar
• Buttons
• Suspend to idle (echo freeze > /sys/power/state)
• Battery status and charging - partial

What is broken?

• Suspend to RAM (echo mem > /sys/power/state) in either LP0, LP1 or LP2
• USB 1.x devices only work connected using a hub (either 2.0 or 3.0)
• USB device mode (gadget) is not supported (needs xudc driver porting)
• DisplayPort over USB-C
• eMMC runs at lower speed than it should
• Panel backlight doesn't wake up after s2idle; needs to be done manually from e.g. post-suspend hook (echo 1 > /sys/class/backlight/lp*/bl_power)
• Automatic reclocking (pstates) for GPU - needs to be done manually
• Sound (driver needs porting)
• Charging is a bit wonky (takes ~2 minutes to update status)
• Tegra DFLL/CPU frequency scaling/other PM
• Cameras, sensors (accelerometer/gyro/...)
• Possibly other things - TBD

Software notes

If you're porting a distribution or setting up a rootfs, there are some things to keep in mind.

Mesa

You need Mesa 18.1.1 at minimum. 18.1.0 lacks certain patches needed for proper function under a recent kernel and Xorg; they were introduced later and are currently present in git as well as in the latest release.

When building, you need at least the following options for configure:

--with-gallium-drivers=tegra,nouveau

The tegra driver is for scanout and nouveau is for the GPU, both need to be enabled. It's also good to build a software rasterizer (swrast) as a fallback.

Installation

Prerequisites

• Pixel C (duh)
• Unlocked bootloader and TWRP recovery installed
• A host computer with either any Linux distro or FreeBSD
• If you want to build a rootfs from scratch, a Linux installation (any)
• adb and fastboot installed

Good to have

• The Pixel C keyboard - while you can use this without one, it's much more comfortable to have the official keyboard
• USB-C hub, this one is confirmed working by @denvit and @q66, minus the HDMI (might never work, HW support is most likely not present)
• USB-C to USB-A adapter, e.g. this or the official one by Google
• USB Ethernet adapter (if you wish to use wired network)
• USB or Bluetooth keyboard/mouse (USB simplifies initial setup)
• Capacitive stylus (for more comfortable touchscreen use)
• DisplayLink USB adapter (USB 2.0 ones should work using in-kernel DRM driver) if you want to connect an external display

Preparations

All the necessary tooling repositories are linked into this repository as submodules.

Additionally, you will likely probably want these:

• Our kernel tree
• mkbootimg
• futility

The latter two are used to create fastboot compatible boot images and sign them. They can frequently be installed from Linux distribution repos, but if your distro doesn't have those, you can use ours; ours are also patched to work on FreeBSD.

A Linux installation for your Pixel C consists of the following steps:

• Root FS preparation
• Kernel image preparation
• Root FS setup on the device
• Kernel flash

Root FS preparation

You can download prebuilt root filesystem tarballs from us. Alternatively, you can make your own rootfs tarball; we provide the pixelc-rootfs-scripts to make it easier and it can be run on either x86/x86_64/etc hardware or native aarch64 hardware. In the former case, the scripts will automatically set up emulation.

We support a specific set of distributions in those scripts. It is always possible to write support for new distros, so if you want to contribute any, it would be much appreciated. The instructions on how to do so can be found in the actual repository.

Of course, it is possible to use any rootfs for 64-bit ARM. However, these will probably not have the appropriate software stack you will need and they will also lack stuff like patched up to date Mesa for proper X11 function and 3D acceleration, and you might have to connect a USB keyboard.

A root filesystem for the Pixel C should have at least the following:

• wpa_supplicant for Wi-Fi, or ideally something like NetworkManager or maybe connman
• linux-firmware, for brcm4354 and Nvidia firmware for gm20b; while these are provided by our initial ramdisks, it's good to have them in the actual userland as well, most distros provide them as a part of a package; you should also have the additional firmware files obtainable using the pixels-get_firmware.sh repository, as these are not present in the linux-firmware tree
• bluez for bluetooth setup
• a build of Mesa with the patches provided in this repo applied, see the hardware support section; unpatched Mesa will still work, but only an older version and you won't get any 3D acceleration; unpatched 18.1+ will result in X11 not starting
• X11 or Wayland, a window manager or a desktop environment or a Wayland compositor, input drivers and so on

Everything else is up to you.

Kernel image preparation

You can download signed boot images from us which are ready for flashing, as well as individual parts like unsigned boot images, individual kernels and ramdisks.

You can also easily build your own. We provide a set of scripts to aid all the steps described below. The general procedure is as follows:

• Build a kernel (+ flattened device tree blob)
• Generate an initramfs
• Make a u-boot compatible image using the kernel and the FDTB
• Make a fastboot compatible boot image using the above and the ramdisk
• Optionally sign this image using Chrome OS keys to be able to flash it, you can boot as soon as you have a u-boot kernel image and a ramdisk, but not so that it remains on the device

Host operating systems

While most users are expected to be running Linux on their host computer, we also support FreeBSD.

If you use FreeBSD and want system specific instructions on how to get your environment ready for the rest, please refer to our pixelc-freebsd-scripts repository.

If you get another host operating system to work for this, we'll be glad to incorporate it here as well, so report any success you have with that.

Kernel build, image generation, signing

If you're building your own kernel, please refer to the pixelc-kernel-scripts repository, which contains all the necessary tools as well as detailed steps on everything.

Alternatively, download a prebuilt image.

Initramfs generation

The tools and detailed instructions are in the pixelc-mkinitramfs.sh repo.

Alternatively, download a prebuilt initramfs.

Root FS setup on the device

This is the Pixel C user partition table:

There is also mmcblk0boot0 and mmcblk0boot1 where the bootloader resides. You cannot alter those.

Generally, two locations can be chosen for your root filesystem:

• mmcblk0p4 aka /system - this replaces Android system partition while not doing anything to /data. You can utilize /data for example for your home directory afterwards, but keep in mind that /system only has less than 4 gigabytes in size, so it's not too much space for an entire desktop operating system, which may limit how much you can install.
• mmcblk0p7 aka /data - replaces your user data partition while not using /system. This gives you significantly more space and you can repurpose /system for something else if you want.

Android by default encrypts /data, so you will need to unencrypt the partition from TWRP if you wish to make use of it. There is currently no support for mounting Android-encrypted /data from either ramdisk or the running system. Keep in mind that removing encryption from it will wipe all your user data.

If you boot back into Android with unencrypted /data, it will attempt to reencrypt the partition by default. It has been suggested that by modifying Android's fstab, you can disable that.

There is a third way that will be supported in the future:

• a loop image on mmcblk0p7 - lets you keep your Android user data as well, by storing the rootfs in an image file (can be sparse to save space) with a filesystem in it.

Any "dual-booting" approach will need a custom initramfs which is currently not supported. One obstacle is getting the system to boot at all that way; another is getting it to work with Android without using fastboot to boot every time.

The recommended way to install is to wipe your Android setup and use /data for your root file system; then you can repurpose /system for something else, such as swap space or additional storage. It is not recommended to try to mess with the partition table to merge the partitions.

Device preparation

First, you will need to boot into TWRP.

If you have chosen to use /data, you will need to go to the Wipe menu and tap Format Data to unencrypt the partition and prepare a clean filesystem on it.

Mount /data from TWRP, and /system as well if you're installing there. Download a BusyBox static binary for ARM from any source; the one in TWRP apparently has a broken tar. Mount /cache from TWRP.

Then on your host system:

• adb push my-rootfs.tar.gz /data/
• adb push busybox /cache/
• adb shell

This will switch you to a shell on the device.

If you install on /data:

• cd /data
• /cache/busybox tar xvf my-rootfs.tar.gz
• rm my-rootfs.tar.gz

If you install on /system:

• cd /system
• /cache/busybox tar xvf ../data/my-rootfs.tar.gz
• rm ../data/my-rootfs.tar.gz

If you install in a sparse image on /data:

• cd /data
• /cache/busybox truncate -s 55G rootfs-image.img
• mkfs.ext4 rootfs-image.img
• mkdir root-mnt
• mount -o loop -t ext4 rootfs-image.img root-mnt
• cd root-mnt
• /cache/busybox tar xvf ../my-rootfs.tar.gz
• cd ..
• rm my-rootfs.tar.gz

You can also use a non-sparse file or a sparse file generated by dd from /dev/zero for non-sparse or with seek for sparse image.

If your rootfs is ready, this is all you need to do; if you need to do any changes in it, you can bind-mount /proc, /dev and /sys and chroot inside it from TWRP, but keep in mind that you won't have any network access.

Reboot using adb reboot bootloader and switch to fastboot mode.

Kernel flash

You have multiple choices here. With the device in fastboot mode:

1) You can use a raw Image.fit (u-boot image) plus a ramdisk to boot directly without flashing.

• fastboot boot Image.fit ramdisk.cpio.lz4 2) You can do like above, using a signed or unsigned boot image.
• fastboot boot boot.img.unsigned # or boot.img 3) You can flash a signed image persistently.
• fastboot flash boot boot.img
• fastboot boot boot.img

Persistent flashing only works with signed images.

Booting

If you've done everything, your chosen distribution should show up on the device and you can proceed with post-installation setup.

Configuration

Bluetooth

Keyboard

Assuming E8:88:57:D5:E8:96 is the bluetooth address of your keyboard:

1. Start the bluetoothctl CLI
2. Power on the adapter: power on
3. Set the default agent: default-agent
4. Enable scan mode: scan on
5. When [NEW] Device E8:88:57:D5:E8:96 Pixel C Keyboard you're ready to connect to your Pixel C Keyboard
6. You can connect to the keyboard: pair E8:88:57:D5:E8:96
7. You'll see a code on your screen (e:g: [agent] Passkey: 032578): put this code on your keyboard and press ENTER.
8. If you did everything as instructed you should be able to see Pairing successful on your screen, meaning that the keyboard can now be used with your tablet.

Keyboard Layout

Arch Linux Wiki Reference

To edit the keyboard layout you'll need to use your DM settings, or add a file in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/00-keyboard.conf with the following content:

Section "InputClass"
        Identifier "system-keyboard"
        MatchIsKeyboard "on"
        Option "XkbLayout" "cz,us"
        Option "XkbModel" "pc104"
        Option "XkbVariant" ",dvorak"
        Option "XkbOptions" "grp:alt_shift_toggle"
EndSection

where XkbLayout is your keyboard layout, XKbModel ist the keyboard model and XkbVariant is the keyboard variant.

More information is available here.

Further reading

You can check out the Wiki of this repository, which will gradually be adding more and more resources. There are also some others:

• Old Linux on Pixel C repository

Contributors

Currently active contributors are:

• Denys Vitali aka denvit - rootfs scripts, CI, Arch porting, documentation, Telegram group
• Dmitry Vartom aka vartom - kernel patches

Inactive:

• Matthieu Tournier aka Samt43 - original founder of the project
• Daniel Kolesa aka q66 - kernel and initramfs scripts, documentation, FreeBSD suppport, kernel maintenance and backports, general infrastructure, IRC channel

Contributions in all areas are welcome, even if you don't own a Pixel C - any relevant information or code is welcome.