With the release of Jamf Pro 10.36, a new API endpoint was added, which allows you to distribute a QuickAdd.pkg to the macOS client to re-deploy the Jamf Framework. Under the hood, its using the InstallEnterpriseApplication MDM command.
The Jamf Framework Redeploy utility will allow you to easily call this API, and re-deploy the Jamf Framework for a selected computer.
If successful, within the management history of that device you should see a InstallEnterpriseApplication MDM command.