This repo is a collection of simple demos of Webpack.
These demos are purposely written in a simple and clear style. You will find no difficulty in following them to learn the powerful tool.
First, install Webpack and webpack-dev-server globally.
$ npm i -g webpack webpack-dev-serverThen, clone the repo.
$ git clone https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos.gitInstall the dependencies.
$ cd webpack-demos
$ npm installNow, play with the source files under the repo's demo* directories.
$ cd demo01
$ npm run devIf the above command doesn't open your browser automatically, you have to visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 by yourself.
Webpack is a front-end tool to build JavaScript module scripts for browsers.
It can be used similar to Browserify, and do much more.
$ browserify main.js > bundle.js
# be equivalent to
$ webpack main.js bundle.jsWebpack needs a configuration file called webpack.config.js which is just a CommonJS module.
// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
}
};After having webpack.config.js, you can invoke Webpack without any arguments.
$ webpackSome command-line options you should know.
webpack – building for developmentwebpack -p – building for production (minification)webpack --watch – for continuous incremental buildingwebpack -d – including source mapswebpack --colors – making building output prettyYou could customize scripts field in your package.json file as following.
// package.json
{
// ...
"scripts": {
"dev": "webpack-dev-server --devtool eval --progress --colors",
"deploy": "NODE_ENV=production webpack -p"
},
// ...
}Entry file is a file which Webpack reads to build bundle.js.
For example, main.js is an entry file.
// main.js
document.write('<h1>Hello World</h1>');index.html
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>Webpack follows webpack.config.js to build bundle.js.
// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
}
};Launch the server, visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 .
$ cd demo01
$ npm run devMultiple entry files are allowed. It is useful for a multi-page app which has different entry file for each page.
// main1.js
document.write('<h1>Hello World</h1>');
// main2.js
document.write('<h2>Hello Webpack</h2>');index.html
<html>
<body>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle1.js"></script>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle2.js"></script>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: {
bundle1: './main1.js',
bundle2: './main2.js'
},
output: {
filename: '[name].js'
}
};Loaders are preprocessors which transform a resource file of your app (more info) before Webpack's building process.
For example, Babel-loader can transform JSX/ES6 file into normal JS files，after which Webpack will begin to build these JS files. Webpack's official doc has a complete list of loaders.
main.jsx is a JSX file.
// main.jsx
const React = require('react');
const ReactDOM = require('react-dom');
ReactDOM.render(
<h1>Hello, world!</h1>,
document.querySelector('#wrapper')
);index.html
<html>
<body>
<div id="wrapper"></div>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.jsx',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.jsx?$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
presets: ['es2015', 'react']
}
}
}
]
}
};The above snippet uses babel-loader which needs Babel's preset plugins babel-preset-es2015 and babel-preset-react to transpile ES6 and React.
Webpack allows you to include CSS in JS file, then preprocessed CSS file with CSS-loader.
main.js
require('./app.css');app.css
body {
background-color: blue;
}index.html
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World</h1>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
module: {
rules:[
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: [ 'style-loader', 'css-loader' ]
},
]
}
};Attention, you have to use two loaders to transform CSS file. First is CSS-loader to read CSS file, and another one is Style-loader to insert <style> tag into HTML page.
Then, launch the server.
$ cd demo04
$ npm run devActually, Webpack inserts an internal style sheet into index.html.
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>Webpack could also include images in JS files.
main.js
var img1 = document.createElement("img");
img1.src = require("./small.png");
document.body.appendChild(img1);
var img2 = document.createElement("img");
img2.src = require("./big.png");
document.body.appendChild(img2);index.html
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
module: {
rules:[
{
test: /\.(png|jpg)$/,
use: [
{
loader: 'url-loader',
options: {
limit: 8192
}
}
]
}
]
}
};url-loader transforms image files into <img> tag. If the image size is smaller than 8192 bytes, it will be transformed into Data URL; otherwise, it will be transformed into normal URL.
After launching the server, small.png and big.png have the following URLs.
<img src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/data:image/png;base64,iVBOR...uQmCC">
<img src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/4853ca667a2b8b8844eb2693ac1b2578.png">css-loader?modules (the query parameter modules) enables the CSS Module which gives a local scoped CSS to your JS module's CSS. You can switch it off with :global(selector) (more info).
index.html
<html>
<body>
<h1 class="h1">Hello World</h1>
<h2 class="h2">Hello Webpack</h2>
<div id="example"></div>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>app.css
/* local scope */
.h1 {
color:red;
}
/* global scope */
:global(.h2) {
color: blue;
}main.jsx
var React = require('react');
var ReactDOM = require('react-dom');
var style = require('./app.css');
ReactDOM.render(
<div>
<h1 className={style.h1}>Hello World</h1>
<h2 className="h2">Hello Webpack</h2>
</div>,
document.getElementById('example')
);webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.jsx',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
module: {
rules:[
{
test: /\.js[x]?$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
presets: ['es2015', 'react']
}
}
},
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: [
{
loader: 'style-loader'
},
{
loader: 'css-loader',
options: {
modules: true
}
}
]
}
]
}
};Launch the server.
$ cd demo06
$ npm run devVisiting http://127.0.0.1:8080 , you'll find that only second h1 is red, because its CSS is local scoped, and both h2 is blue, because its CSS is global scoped.
Webpack has a plugin system to expand its functions. For example, UglifyJs Plugin will minify output(bundle.js) JS codes.
main.js
var longVariableName = 'Hello';
longVariableName += ' World';
document.write('<h1>' + longVariableName + '</h1>');index.html
<html>
<body>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
var webpack = require('webpack');
var UglifyJsPlugin = require('uglifyjs-webpack-plugin');
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
plugins: [
new UglifyJsPlugin()
]
};After launching the server, main.js will be minified into following.
var o="Hello";o+=" World",document.write("<h1>"+o+"</h1>")This demo shows you how to load 3rd-party plugins.
html-webpack-plugin could create index.html for you, and open-browser-webpack-plugin could open a new browser tab when Webpack loads.
main.js
document.write('<h1>Hello World</h1>');webpack.config.js
var HtmlwebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
var OpenBrowserPlugin = require('open-browser-webpack-plugin');
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
plugins: [
new HtmlwebpackPlugin({
title: 'Webpack-demos',
filename: 'index.html'
}),
new OpenBrowserPlugin({
url: 'http://localhost:8080'
})
]
};Launch the server.
$ cd demo08
$ npm run devNow you don't need to write index.html by hand and don't have to open browser by yourself. Webpack did all these things for you.
You can enable some codes only in development environment with environment flags.
main.js
document.write('<h1>Hello World</h1>');
if (__DEV__) {
document.write(new Date());
}index.html
<html>
<body>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
var webpack = require('webpack');
var devFlagPlugin = new webpack.DefinePlugin({
__DEV__: JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(process.env.DEBUG || 'false'))
});
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
plugins: [devFlagPlugin]
};Now pass environment variable into webpack. Opening demo09/package.json, you should find scripts field as following.
// package.json
{
// ...
"scripts": {
"dev": "cross-env DEBUG=true webpack-dev-server --open",
},
// ...
}Launch the server.
$ cd demo09
$ npm run devFor big web apps, it’s not efficient to put all code into a single file. Webpack allows you to split a large JS file into several chunks. Especially, if some blocks of code are only required under some circumstances, these chunks could be loaded on demand.
Webpack uses require.ensure to define a split point (official document).
// main.js
require.ensure(['./a'], function (require) {
var content = require('./a');
document.open();
document.write('<h1>' + content + '</h1>');
document.close();
});require.ensure tells Webpack that ./a.js should be separated from bundle.js and built into a single chunk file.
// a.js
module.exports = 'Hello World';Now Webpack takes care of the dependencies, output files and runtime stuff. You don't have to put any redundancy into your index.html and webpack.config.js.
<html>
<body>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
}
};Launch the server.
$ cd demo10
$ npm run devOn the surface, you won't feel any differences. However, Webpack actually builds main.js and a.js into different chunks(bundle.js and 0.bundle.js), and loads 0.bundle.js from bundle.js when on demand.
Another way of code splitting is using bundle-loader.
// main.js
// Now a.js is requested, it will be bundled into another file
var load = require('bundle-loader!./a.js');
// To wait until a.js is available (and get the exports)
// you need to async wait for it.
load(function(file) {
document.open();
document.write('<h1>' + file + '</h1>');
document.close();
});require('bundle-loader!./a.js') tells Webpack to load a.js from another chunk.
Now Webpack will build main.js into bundle.js, and a.js into 0.bundle.js.
When multi scripts have common chunks, you can extract the common part into a separate file with CommonsChunkPlugin, which is useful for browser caching and saving bandwidth.
// main1.jsx
var React = require('react');
var ReactDOM = require('react-dom');
ReactDOM.render(
<h1>Hello World</h1>,
document.getElementById('a')
);
// main2.jsx
var React = require('react');
var ReactDOM = require('react-dom');
ReactDOM.render(
<h2>Hello Webpack</h2>,
document.getElementById('b')
);index.html
<html>
<body>
<div id="a"></div>
<div id="b"></div>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/commons.js"></script>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle1.js"></script>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle2.js"></script>
</body>
</html>The above commons.js is the common chunk of main1.jsx and main2.jsx. As you can imagine, commons.js includes react and react-dom.
webpack.config.js
var webpack = require('webpack');
module.exports = {
entry: {
bundle1: './main1.jsx',
bundle2: './main2.jsx'
},
output: {
filename: '[name].js'
},
module: {
rules:[
{
test: /\.js[x]?$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
presets: ['es2015', 'react']
}
}
},
]
},
plugins: [
new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
name: "commons",
// (the commons chunk name)
filename: "commons.js",
// (the filename of the commons chunk)
})
]
}You can also extract the vendor libraries from a script into a separate file with CommonsChunkPlugin.
main.js
var $ = require('jquery');
$('h1').text('Hello World');index.html
<html>
<body>
<h1></h1>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/vendor.js"></script>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>webpack.config.js
var webpack = require('webpack');
module.exports = {
entry: {
app: './main.js',
vendor: ['jquery'],
},
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
plugins: [
new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
name: 'vendor',
filename: 'vendor.js'
})
]
};In above codes, entry.vendor: ['jquery'] tells Webpack that jquery should be included in the common chunk vendor.js.
If you want a module available as a global variable in every module, such as making $ and jQuery available in every module without writing require("jquery"). You should use ProvidePlugin (Official doc) which automatically loads modules instead of having to import or require them everywhere.
// main.js
$('h1').text('Hello World');
// webpack.config.js
var webpack = require('webpack');
module.exports = {
entry: {
app: './main.js'
},
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
plugins: [
new webpack.ProvidePlugin({
$: 'jquery',
jQuery: 'jquery'
})
]
};Of course, in this case, you should load jquery.js globally by yourself.
If you want to use some global variables, and don't want to include them in the Webpack bundle, you can enable externals field in webpack.config.js (official document).
For example, we have a data.js.
// data.js
var data = 'Hello World';index.html
<html>
<body>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/data.js"></script>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</html>Attention, Webpack will only build bundle.js, but not data.js.
We can expose data as a global variable.
// webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './main.jsx',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
module: {
rules:[
{
test: /\.js[x]?$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
presets: ['es2015', 'react']
}
}
},
]
},
externals: {
// require('data') is external and available
// on the global var data
'data': 'data'
}
};Now, you require data as a module variable in your script. but it actually is a global variable.
// main.jsx
var data = require('data');
var React = require('react');
var ReactDOM = require('react-dom');
ReactDOM.render(
<h1>{data}</h1>,
document.body
);You could also put react and react-dom into externals, which will greatly decrease the building time and building size of bundle.js.
This demo uses webpack to build React-router's official example.
Let's imagine a little app with a dashboard, inbox, and calendar.
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| +---------+ +-------+ +--------+ |
| |Dashboard| | Inbox | |Calendar| Logged in as Jane |
| +---------+ +-------+ +--------+ |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Dashboard |
| |
| |
| +---------------------+ +----------------------+ |
| | | | | |
| | + + | +---------> | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | + | | +-------------> | |
| | | | + | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| +-+---+----+-----+----+ +----------------------+ |
| |
+---------------------------------------------------------+webpack.config.js
module.exports = {
entry: './index.js',
output: {
filename: 'bundle.js'
},
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: [ 'style-loader', 'css-loader' ]
},
{
test: /\.jsx?$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
presets: ['es2015', 'react']
}
}
},
]
}
};index.js
import React from 'react';
import { render } from 'react-dom';
import { BrowserRouter, Switch, Route, Link } from 'react-router-dom';
import './app.css';
class App extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
<header>
<ul>
<li><Link to="/app">Dashboard</Link></li>
<li><Link to="/inbox">Inbox</Link></li>
<li><Link to="/calendar">Calendar</Link></li>
</ul>
Logged in as Jane
</header>
<main>
<Switch>
<Route exact path="/" component={Dashboard}/>
<Route path="/app" component={Dashboard}/>
<Route path="/inbox" component={Inbox}/>
<Route path="/calendar" component={Calendar}/>
<Route path="*" component={Dashboard}/>
</Switch>
</main>
</div>
);
}
};
class Dashboard extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
<p>Dashboard</p>
</div>
);
}
};
class Inbox extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
<p>Inbox</p>
</div>
);
}
};
class Calendar extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
<p>Calendar</p>
</div>
);
}
};
render((
<BrowserRouter>
<Route path="/" component={App} />
</BrowserRouter>
), document.querySelector('#app'));index.html
<html>
<body>
<div id="app"></div>
<script src="https://github.com/ruanyf/webpack-demos/raw/master/bundle.js"></script>
</body>
</htmL>Launch the server.
$ cd demo15
$ npm run devMIT