Microformats are amazing
...Published by W. Developer ... on
...In which I extoll the virtues of using microformats.
...
...
... Blah blah blah
...======= extruct
.. image:: https://github.com/scrapinghub/extruct/workflows/build/badge.svg?branch=master :target: https://github.com/scrapinghub/extruct/actions :alt: Build Status
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extruct is a library for extracting embedded metadata from HTML markup.
Currently, extruct supports:
W3C's HTML Microdata_embedded JSON-LD_Microformatviamf2pyFacebook's Open Graph_- (experimental)
RDFaviardflib Dublin Core Metadata (DC-HTML-2003)_
.. _W3C's HTML Microdata: http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/ .. _embedded JSON-LD: http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/#embedding-json-ld-in-html-documents .. _RDFa: https://www.w3.org/TR/html-rdfa/ .. _rdflib: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/rdflib/ .. _Microformat: http://microformats.org/wiki/Main_Page .. _mf2py: https://github.com/microformats/mf2py .. _Facebook's Open Graph: http://ogp.me/ .. _Dublin Core Metadata (DC-HTML-2003): https://www.dublincore.org/specifications/dublin-core/dcq-html/2003-11-30/
The microdata algorithm is a revisit of this Scrapinghub blog post_ showing how to use EXSLT extensions.
.. _this Scrapinghub blog post: http://blog.scrapinghub.com/2014/06/18/extracting-schema-org-microdata-using-scrapy-selectors-and-xpath/
Installation
::
pip install extructUsage
All-in-one extraction +++++++++++++++++++++
The simplest example how to use extruct is to call
extruct.extract(htmlstring, base_url=base_url)
with some HTML string and an optional base URL.
Let's try this on a webpage that uses all the syntaxes supported (RDFa with ogp_).
First fetch the HTML using python-requests and then feed the response body to extruct::
import extruct import requests import pprint from w3lib.html import get_base_url
pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2) r = requests.get('https://www.optimizesmart.com/how-to-use-open-graph-protocol/') base_url = get_base_url(r.text, r.url) data = extruct.extract(r.text, base_url=base_url)
pp.pprint(data) { 'dublincore': [ { 'elements': [ { 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description', 'content': 'What is Open Graph Protocol ' 'and why you need it? Learn to ' 'implement Open Graph Protocol ' 'for Facebook on your website. ' 'Open Graph Protocol Meta Tags.', 'name': 'description'}], 'namespaces': {}, 'terms': []}],
'json-ld': [ { '@context': 'https://schema.org', '@id': '#organization', '@type': 'Organization', 'logo': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/optimize-smart-Twitter-logo.jpg', 'name': 'Optimize Smart', 'sameAs': [ 'https://www.facebook.com/optimizesmart/', 'https://uk.linkedin.com/in/analyticsnerd', 'https://www.youtube.com/user/optimizesmart', 'https://twitter.com/analyticsnerd'], 'url': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/'}], 'microdata': [ { 'properties': {'headline': ''}, 'type': 'http://schema.org/WPHeader'}], 'microformat': [ { 'children': [ { 'properties': { 'category': [ 'specialized-tracking'], 'name': [ 'Open Graph ' 'Protocol for ' 'Facebook ' 'explained with ' 'examples\n' '\n' 'Specialized ' 'Tracking\n' '\n' '\n' (...) 'Follow ' '@analyticsnerd\n' '!function(d,s,id){var ' "js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, " "'script', " "'twitter-wjs');"]}, 'type': ['h-entry']}], 'properties': { 'name': [ 'Open Graph Protocol for ' 'Facebook explained with ' 'examples\n' (...) 'Follow @analyticsnerd\n' '!function(d,s,id){var ' "js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, " "'script', 'twitter-wjs');"]}, 'type': ['h-feed']}], 'opengraph': [ { 'namespace': {'og': 'http://ogp.me/ns#'}, 'properties': [ ('og:locale', 'en_US'), ('og:type', 'article'), ( 'og:title', 'Open Graph Protocol for Facebook ' 'explained with examples'), ( 'og:description', 'What is Open Graph Protocol and why you ' 'need it? Learn to implement Open Graph ' 'Protocol for Facebook on your website. ' 'Open Graph Protocol Meta Tags.'), ( 'og:url', 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/how-to-use-open-graph-protocol/'), ('og:site_name', 'Optimize Smart'), ( 'og:updated_time', '2018-03-09T16:26:35+00:00'), ( 'og:image', 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/open-graph-protocol.jpg'), ( 'og:image:secure_url', 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/open-graph-protocol.jpg')]}], 'rdfa': [ { '@id': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/how-to-use-open-graph-protocol/#header', 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#role': [ { '@id': 'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab#banner'}]}, { '@id': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/how-to-use-open-graph-protocol/', 'article:modified_time': [ { '@value': '2018-03-09T16:26:35+00:00'}], 'article:published_time': [ { '@value': '2010-07-02T18:57:23+00:00'}], 'article:publisher': [ { '@value': 'https://www.facebook.com/optimizesmart/'}], 'article:section': [{'@value': 'Specialized Tracking'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#description': [ { '@value': 'What is Open ' 'Graph Protocol ' 'and why you need ' 'it? Learn to ' 'implement Open ' 'Graph Protocol ' 'for Facebook on ' 'your website. ' 'Open Graph ' 'Protocol Meta ' 'Tags.'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#image': [ { '@value': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/open-graph-protocol.jpg'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#image:secure_url': [ { '@value': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/open-graph-protocol.jpg'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#locale': [{'@value': 'en_US'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#site_name': [{'@value': 'Optimize Smart'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#title': [ { '@value': 'Open Graph Protocol for ' 'Facebook explained with ' 'examples'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#type': [{'@value': 'article'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#updated_time': [ { '@value': '2018-03-09T16:26:35+00:00'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#url': [ { '@value': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/how-to-use-open-graph-protocol/'}], 'https://api.w.org/': [ { '@id': 'https://www.optimizesmart.com/wp-json/'}]}]}
Select syntaxes +++++++++++++++ It is possible to select which syntaxes to extract by passing a list with the desired ones to extract. Valid values: 'microdata', 'json-ld', 'opengraph', 'microformat', 'rdfa' and 'dublincore'. If no list is passed all syntaxes will be extracted and returned::
r = requests.get('http://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields') base_url = get_base_url(r.text, r.url) data = extruct.extract(r.text, base_url, syntaxes=['microdata', 'opengraph', 'rdfa'])
pp.pprint(data) { 'microdata': [], 'opengraph': [ { 'namespace': { 'concerts': 'http://ogp.me/ns/fb/songkick-concerts#', 'fb': 'http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml', 'og': 'http://ogp.me/ns#'}, 'properties': [ ('fb:app_id', '308540029359'), ('og:site_name', 'Songkick'), ('og:type', 'songkick-concerts:artist'), ('og:title', 'Elysian Fields'), ( 'og:description', 'Find out when Elysian Fields is next ' 'playing live near you. List of all ' 'Elysian Fields tour dates and concerts.'), ( 'og:url', 'https://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields'), ( 'og:image', 'http://images.sk-static.com/images/media/img/col4/20100330-103600-169450.jpg')]}], 'rdfa': [ { '@id': 'https://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields', 'al:ios:app_name': [{'@value': 'Songkick Concerts'}], 'al:ios:app_store_id': [{'@value': '438690886'}], 'al:ios:url': [ { '@value': 'songkick://artists/236156-elysian-fields'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#description': [ { '@value': 'Find out when ' 'Elysian Fields is ' 'next playing live ' 'near you. List of ' 'all Elysian ' 'Fields tour dates ' 'and concerts.'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#image': [ { '@value': 'http://images.sk-static.com/images/media/img/col4/20100330-103600-169450.jpg'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#site_name': [{'@value': 'Songkick'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#title': [{'@value': 'Elysian Fields'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#type': [{'@value': 'songkick-concerts:artist'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#url': [ { '@value': 'https://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields'}], 'http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbmlapp_id': [ { '@value': '308540029359'}]}]}
Alternatively, if you already parsed the HTML before calling extruct, you can use the tree instead of the HTML string: ::
using the request from the previous example
base_url = get_base_url(r.text, r.url) from extruct.utils import parse_html tree = parse_html(r.text) data = extruct.extract(tree, base_url, syntaxes=['microdata', 'opengraph', 'rdfa'])
Microformat format doesn't support the HTML tree, so you need to use a HTML string.
Uniform +++++++ Another option is to uniform the output of microformat, opengraph, microdata, dublincore and json-ld syntaxes to the following structure: ::
{'@context': 'http://example.com',
'@type': 'example_type',
/* All other the properties in keys here */
}To do so set uniform=True when calling extract, it's false by default for backward compatibility. Here the same example as before but with uniform set to True: ::
r = requests.get('http://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields') base_url = get_base_url(r.text, r.url) data = extruct.extract(r.text, base_url, syntaxes=['microdata', 'opengraph', 'rdfa'], uniform=True)
pp.pprint(data) { 'microdata': [], 'opengraph': [ { '@context': { 'concerts': 'http://ogp.me/ns/fb/songkick-concerts#', 'fb': 'http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml', 'og': 'http://ogp.me/ns#'}, '@type': 'songkick-concerts:artist', 'fb:app_id': '308540029359', 'og:description': 'Find out when Elysian Fields is next ' 'playing live near you. List of all ' 'Elysian Fields tour dates and concerts.', 'og:image': 'http://images.sk-static.com/images/media/img/col4/20100330-103600-169450.jpg', 'og:site_name': 'Songkick', 'og:title': 'Elysian Fields', 'og:url': 'https://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields'}], 'rdfa': [ { '@id': 'https://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields', 'al:ios:app_name': [{'@value': 'Songkick Concerts'}], 'al:ios:app_store_id': [{'@value': '438690886'}], 'al:ios:url': [ { '@value': 'songkick://artists/236156-elysian-fields'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#description': [ { '@value': 'Find out when ' 'Elysian Fields is ' 'next playing live ' 'near you. List of ' 'all Elysian ' 'Fields tour dates ' 'and concerts.'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#image': [ { '@value': 'http://images.sk-static.com/images/media/img/col4/20100330-103600-169450.jpg'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#site_name': [{'@value': 'Songkick'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#title': [{'@value': 'Elysian Fields'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#type': [{'@value': 'songkick-concerts:artist'}], 'http://ogp.me/ns#url': [ { '@value': 'https://www.songkick.com/artists/236156-elysian-fields'}], 'http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbmlapp_id': [ { '@value': '308540029359'}]}]}
NB rdfa structure is not uniformed yet.
Returning HTML node +++++++++++++++++++
It is also possible to get references to HTML node for every extracted metadata item. The feature is supported only by microdata syntax.
To use that, just set the return_html_node option of extract method to True.
As the result, an additional key "nodeHtml" will be included in the result for every
item. Each node is of lxml.etree.Element type: ::
r = requests.get('http://www.rugpadcorner.com/shop/no-muv/') base_url = get_base_url(r.text, r.url) data = extruct.extract(r.text, base_url, syntaxes=['microdata'], return_html_node=True)
pp.pprint(data) { 'microdata': [ { 'htmlNode': <Element div at 0x7f10f8e6d3b8>, 'properties': { 'description': 'KEEP RUGS FLAT ON CARPET!\n' 'Not your thin sticky pad, ' 'No-Muv is truly the best!', 'image': ['', ''], 'name': ['No-Muv', 'No-Muv'], 'offers': [ { 'htmlNode': <Element div at 0x7f10f8e6d138>, 'properties': { 'availability': 'http://schema.org/InStock', 'price': 'Price: ' '$45'}, 'type': 'http://schema.org/Offer'}, { 'htmlNode': <Element div at 0x7f10f8e60f48>, 'properties': { 'availability': 'http://schema.org/InStock', 'price': '(Select ' 'Size/Shape ' 'for ' 'Pricing)'}, 'type': 'http://schema.org/Offer'}], 'ratingValue': ['5.00', '5.00']}, 'type': 'http://schema.org/Product'}]}
Single extractors
You can also use each extractor individually. See below.
Microdata extraction ++++++++++++++++++++ ::
import pprint pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2)
from extruct.w3cmicrodata import MicrodataExtractor
example from http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/#associating-names-with-items
html = """<!DOCTYPE HTML> ... ...
...Photo gallery ... ... ...My photos
...... ......
The house I found. ...... ... ... ... """...
The mailbox. ...mde = MicrodataExtractor() data = mde.extract(html) pp.pprint(data) [{'properties': {'license': 'http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php', 'title': 'The house I found.', 'work': 'http://www.example.com/images/house.jpeg'}, 'type': 'http://n.whatwg.org/work'}, {'properties': {'license': 'http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php', 'title': 'The mailbox.', 'work': 'http://www.example.com/images/mailbox.jpeg'}, 'type': 'http://n.whatwg.org/work'}]
JSON-LD extraction ++++++++++++++++++ ::
import pprint pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2)
from extruct.jsonld import JsonLdExtractor
html = """<!DOCTYPE HTML> ... ...
...Some Person Page ... ... ...This guys
... ... ... """jslde = JsonLdExtractor()
data = jslde.extract(html) pp.pprint(data) [{'@context': 'http://schema.org', '@type': 'Person', 'additionalName': 'Johnny', 'address': {'@type': 'PostalAddress', 'addressLocality': 'Wonderland', 'addressRegion': 'Georgia', 'streetAddress': '1234 Peach Drive'}, 'affiliation': 'University of Dreams', 'jobTitle': 'Graduate research assistant', 'name': 'John Doe', 'url': 'http://www.example.com'}]
RDFa extraction (experimental) ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
::
import pprint pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2) from extruct.rdfa import RDFaExtractor # you can ignore the warning about html5lib not being available INFO:rdflib:RDFLib Version: 4.2.1 /home/paul/.virtualenvs/extruct.wheel.test/lib/python3.5/site-packages/rdflib/plugins/parsers/structureddata.py:30: UserWarning: html5lib not found! RDFa and Microdata parsers will not be available. 'parsers will not be available.')
html = """ ...
... ... ... ... ......... ... ... """The trouble with Bob
... ... ...Alice
......... ... ...The trouble with Bob is that he takes much better photos than I do:
...rdfae = RDFaExtractor() pp.pprint(rdfae.extract(html, base_url='http://www.example.com/index.html')) [{'@id': 'http://www.example.com/alice/posts/trouble_with_bob', '@type': ['http://schema.org/BlogPosting'], 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator': [{'@id': 'http://www.example.com/index.html#me'}], 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/title': [{'@value': 'The trouble with Bob'}], 'http://schema.org/articleBody': [{'@value': '\n' ' The trouble with Bob ' 'is that he takes much better ' 'photos than I do:\n' ' '}], 'http://schema.org/creator': [{'@id': 'http://www.example.com/index.html#me'}]}]
You'll get a list of expanded JSON-LD nodes.
Open Graph extraction ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
::
import pprint pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2)
from extruct.opengraph import OpenGraphExtractor
html = """<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ... ...
...Himanshu's Open Graph Protocol ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... """opengraphe = OpenGraphExtractor() pp.pprint(opengraphe.extract(html)) [{"namespace": { "og": "http://ogp.me/ns#" }, "properties": [ [ "og:title", "Himanshu's Open Graph Protocol" ], [ "og:type", "article" ], [ "og:url", "https://www.eventeducation.com/test.php" ], [ "og:image", "https://www.eventeducation.com/images/982336_wedding_dayandouan_th.jpg" ], [ "og:site_name", "Event Education" ], [ "og:description", "Event Education provides free courses on event planning and management to event professionals worldwide." ] ] }]
Microformat extraction ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
::
import pprint pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2)
from extruct.microformat import MicroformatExtractor
html = """<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ... ...
...Himanshu's Open Graph Protocol ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... """microformate = MicroformatExtractor() data = microformate.extract(html) pp.pprint(data) [{"type": [ "h-entry" ], "properties": { "name": [ "Microformats are amazing" ], "author": [ { "type": [ "h-card" ], "properties": { "name": [ "W. Developer" ], "url": [ "http://example.com" ] }, "value": "W. Developer" } ], "published": [ "2013-06-13 12:00:00" ], "summary": [ "In which I extoll the virtues of using microformats." ], "content": [ { "html": "\n
Blah blah blah
\n", "value": "\nBlah blah blah\n" } ] } }]
DublinCore extraction ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ::
>>> import pprint
>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=2)
>>> from extruct.dublincore import DublinCoreExtractor
>>> html = '''<head profile="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcq-html/">
... <title>Expressing Dublin Core in HTML/XHTML meta and link elements</title>
... <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" />
... <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" />
...
...
... <meta name="DC.title" lang="en" content="Expressing Dublin Core
... in HTML/XHTML meta and link elements" />
... <meta name="DC.creator" content="Andy Powell, UKOLN, University of Bath" />
... <meta name="DCTERMS.issued" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2003-11-01" />
... <meta name="DC.identifier" scheme="DCTERMS.URI"
... content="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcq-html/" />
... <link rel="DCTERMS.replaces" hreflang="en"
... href="http://dublincore.org/documents/2000/08/15/dcq-html/" />
... <meta name="DCTERMS.abstract" content="This document describes how
... qualified Dublin Core metadata can be encoded
... in HTML/XHTML <meta> elements" />
... <meta name="DC.format" scheme="DCTERMS.IMT" content="text/html" />
... <meta name="DC.type" scheme="DCTERMS.DCMIType" content="Text" />
... <meta name="DC.Date.modified" content="2001-07-18" />
... <meta name="DCTERMS.modified" content="2001-07-18" />'''
>>> dublinlde = DublinCoreExtractor()
>>> data = dublinlde.extract(html)
>>> pp.pprint(data)
[ { 'elements': [ { 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title',
'content': 'Expressing Dublin Core\n'
'in HTML/XHTML meta and link elements',
'lang': 'en',
'name': 'DC.title'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator',
'content': 'Andy Powell, UKOLN, University of Bath',
'name': 'DC.creator'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier',
'content': 'http://dublincore.org/documents/dcq-html/',
'name': 'DC.identifier',
'scheme': 'DCTERMS.URI'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format',
'content': 'text/html',
'name': 'DC.format',
'scheme': 'DCTERMS.IMT'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/type',
'content': 'Text',
'name': 'DC.type',
'scheme': 'DCTERMS.DCMIType'}],
'namespaces': { 'DC': 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/',
'DCTERMS': 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/'},
'terms': [ { 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued',
'content': '2003-11-01',
'name': 'DCTERMS.issued',
'scheme': 'DCTERMS.W3CDTF'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract',
'content': 'This document describes how\n'
'qualified Dublin Core metadata can be encoded\n'
'in HTML/XHTML <meta> elements',
'name': 'DCTERMS.abstract'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified',
'content': '2001-07-18',
'name': 'DC.Date.modified'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/modified',
'content': '2001-07-18',
'name': 'DCTERMS.modified'},
{ 'URI': 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/replaces',
'href': 'http://dublincore.org/documents/2000/08/15/dcq-html/',
'hreflang': 'en',
'rel': 'DCTERMS.replaces'}]}]Command Line Tool
extruct provides a command line tool that allows you to fetch a page and extract the metadata from it directly from the command line.
Dependencies ++++++++++++
The command line tool depends on requests, which is not installed by default
when you install extruct. In order to use the command line tool, you can
install extruct with the cli extra requirements::
pip install 'extruct[cli]'Usage +++++
::
extruct "http://example.com"Downloads "http://example.com" and outputs the Microdata, JSON-LD and RDFa, Open Graph
and Microformat metadata to stdout.
Supported Parameters ++++++++++++++++++++
By default, the command line tool will try to extract all the supported metadata formats from the page (currently Microdata, JSON-LD, RDFa, Open Graph and Microformat). If you want to restrict the output to just one or a subset of those, you can pass their individual names collected in a list through 'syntaxes' argument.
For example, this command extracts only Microdata and JSON-LD metadata from "http://example.com"::
extruct "http://example.com" --syntaxes microdata json-ldNB syntaxes names passed must correspond to these: microdata, json-ld, rdfa, opengraph, microformat
Development version
::
mkvirtualenv extruct
pip install -r requirements-dev.txtTests
Run tests in current environment::
py.test testsUse tox_ to run tests with different Python versions::
tox.. _tox: https://testrun.org/tox/latest/ .. _ogp: https://ogp.me/