The Volatility Framework is a completely open collection of tools, implemented in Python under the GNU General Public License, for the extraction of digital artifacts from volatile memory (RAM) samples. The extraction techniques are performed completely independent of the system being investigated but offer visibilty into the runtime state of the system. The framework is intended to introduce people to the techniques and complexities associated with extracting digital artifacts from volatile memory samples and provide a platform for further work into this exciting area of research.
The Volatility distribution is available from: http://code.google.com/p/volatility/downloads/list
Volatility should run on any platform that supports Python (http://www.python.org)
Volatility supports investigations of the following memory images:
Windows:
Linux:
Mac OSX:
Volatility does not provide memory sample acquisition capabilities. For acquisition, there are both free and commercial solutions available. If you would like suggestions about suitable acquisition solutions, please contact us at:
volatility (at) volatilityfoundation (dot) org
Volatility supports a variety of sample file formats and the ability to convert between these formats:
For a more detailed list of capabilities, see the following:
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/Release23
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/CommandReference23
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/CommandReferenceGui23
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/CommandReferenceMal23
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/CommandReferenceRegistryApi23
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/LinuxCommandReference23
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/MacCommandReference23If you want to give Volatility a try, you can download exemplar data hosted by NIST at the following url:
http://www.cfreds.nist.gov/mem/memory-images.rarLinks to other public memory images can be found at the following url:
https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/SampleMemoryImagesMailing lists to support the users and developers of Volatility can be found at the following address:
http://lists.volatilesystems.com/mailman/listinfoFor information or requests, contact:
Volatility Foundation
Web: http://www.volatilityfoundation.org/ http://volatility.tumblr.com/
Email: volatility (at) volatilityfoundation (dot) org
IRC: #volatility on freenode
Twitter: @volatility
Some plugins may have other requirements which can be found at: https://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/VolatilityInstallation
Unpack the latest version of Volatility from http://code.google.com/p/volatility/downloads/list
To see available options, run "python vol.py -h"
Example:
$ python vol.py -h Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.3 Usage: Volatility - A memory forensics analysis platform.
Options: -h, --help list all available options and their default values. Default values may be set in the configuration file (/etc/volatilityrc) --conf-file=/Users/michaelligh/.volatilityrc User based configuration file -d, --debug Debug volatility --plugins=PLUGINS Additional plugin directories to use (colon separated) --info Print information about all registered objects --cache-directory=/Users/michaelligh/.cache/volatility Directory where cache files are stored --cache Use caching --tz=TZ Sets the timezone for displaying timestamps -f FILENAME, --filename=FILENAME Filename to use when opening an image --profile=WinXPSP2x86 Name of the profile to load -l LOCATION, --location=LOCATION A URN location from which to load an address space -w, --write Enable write support --dtb=DTB DTB Address --output=text Output in this format (format support is module specific) --output-file=OUTPUT_FILE write output in this file -v, --verbose Verbose information --shift=SHIFT Mac KASLR shift address -g KDBG, --kdbg=KDBG Specify a specific KDBG virtual address -k KPCR, --kpcr=KPCR Specify a specific KPCR address
$ python vol.py --info Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.3
VistaSP0x64 - A Profile for Windows Vista SP0 x64 VistaSP0x86 - A Profile for Windows Vista SP0 x86 VistaSP1x64 - A Profile for Windows Vista SP1 x64 VistaSP1x86 - A Profile for Windows Vista SP1 x86 VistaSP2x64 - A Profile for Windows Vista SP2 x64 VistaSP2x86 - A Profile for Windows Vista SP2 x86 Win2003SP0x86 - A Profile for Windows 2003 SP0 x86 Win2003SP1x64 - A Profile for Windows 2003 SP1 x64 Win2003SP1x86 - A Profile for Windows 2003 SP1 x86 Win2003SP2x64 - A Profile for Windows 2003 SP2 x64 Win2003SP2x86 - A Profile for Windows 2003 SP2 x86 Win2008R2SP0x64 - A Profile for Windows 2008 R2 SP0 x64 Win2008R2SP1x64 - A Profile for Windows 2008 R2 SP1 x64 Win2008SP1x64 - A Profile for Windows 2008 SP1 x64 Win2008SP1x86 - A Profile for Windows 2008 SP1 x86 Win2008SP2x64 - A Profile for Windows 2008 SP2 x64 Win2008SP2x86 - A Profile for Windows 2008 SP2 x86 Win7SP0x64 - A Profile for Windows 7 SP0 x64 Win7SP0x86 - A Profile for Windows 7 SP0 x86 Win7SP1x64 - A Profile for Windows 7 SP1 x64 Win7SP1x86 - A Profile for Windows 7 SP1 x86 WinXPSP1x64 - A Profile for Windows XP SP1 x64 WinXPSP2x64 - A Profile for Windows XP SP2 x64 WinXPSP2x86 - A Profile for Windows XP SP2 x86 WinXPSP3x86 - A Profile for Windows XP SP3 x86
AMD64PagedMemory - Standard AMD 64-bit address space.
ArmAddressSpace - No docs
FileAddressSpace - This is a direct file AS.
HPAKAddressSpace - This AS supports the HPAK format
IA32PagedMemory - Standard IA-32 paging address space.
IA32PagedMemoryPae - This class implements the IA-32 PAE paging address space. It is responsible
LimeAddressSpace - Address space for Lime
MachOAddressSpace - Address space for mach-o files to support atc-ny memory reader
VMWareSnapshotFile - This AS supports VMware snapshot files
VirtualBoxCoreDumpElf64 - This AS supports VirtualBox ELF64 coredump format
WindowsCrashDumpSpace32 - This AS supports windows Crash Dump format
WindowsCrashDumpSpace64 - This AS supports windows Crash Dump format
WindowsHiberFileSpace32 - This is a hibernate address space for windows hibernation files.
apihooks - Detect API hooks in process and kernel memory atoms - Print session and window station atom tables atomscan - Pool scanner for _RTL_ATOM_TABLE bioskbd - Reads the keyboard buffer from Real Mode memory callbacks - Print system-wide notification routines clipboard - Extract the contents of the windows clipboard cmdscan - Extract command history by scanning for _COMMAND_HISTORY connections - Print list of open connections [Windows XP and 2003 Only] connscan - Scan Physical memory for _TCPT_OBJECT objects (tcp connections) consoles - Extract command history by scanning for _CONSOLE_INFORMATION crashinfo - Dump crash-dump information deskscan - Poolscaner for tagDESKTOP (desktops) devicetree - Show device tree dlldump - Dump DLLs from a process address space dlllist - Print list of loaded dlls for each process driverirp - Driver IRP hook detection driverscan - Scan for driver objects _DRIVER_OBJECT dumpcerts - Dump RSA private and public SSL keys dumpfiles - Extract memory mapped and cached files envars - Display process environment variables eventhooks - Print details on windows event hooks evtlogs - Extract Windows Event Logs (XP/2003 only) filescan - Scan Physical memory for _FILE_OBJECT pool allocations gahti - Dump the USER handle type information gditimers - Print installed GDI timers and callbacks gdt - Display Global Descriptor Table getservicesids - Get the names of services in the Registry and return Calculated SID getsids - Print the SIDs owning each process handles - Print list of open handles for each process hashdump - Dumps passwords hashes (LM/NTLM) from memory hibinfo - Dump hibernation file information hivedump - Prints out a hive hivelist - Print list of registry hives. hivescan - Scan Physical memory for _CMHIVE objects (registry hives) hpakextract - Extract physical memory from an HPAK file hpakinfo - Info on an HPAK file idt - Display Interrupt Descriptor Table iehistory - Reconstruct Internet Explorer cache / history imagecopy - Copies a physical address space out as a raw DD image imageinfo - Identify information for the image impscan - Scan for calls to imported functions kdbgscan - Search for and dump potential KDBG values kpcrscan - Search for and dump potential KPCR values ldrmodules - Detect unlinked DLLs linux_arp - Print the ARP table linux_bash - Recover bash history from bash process memory linux_check_afinfo - Verifies the operation function pointers of network protocols linux_check_creds - Checks if any processes are sharing credential structures linux_check_evt_arm - Checks the Exception Vector Table to look for syscall table hooking linux_check_fop - Check file operation structures for rootkit modifications linux_check_idt - Checks if the IDT has been altered linux_check_modules - Compares module list to sysfs info, if available linux_check_syscall - Checks if the system call table has been altered linux_check_syscall_arm - Checks if the system call table has been altered linux_check_tty - Checks tty devices for hooks linux_cpuinfo - Prints info about each active processor linux_dentry_cache - Gather files from the dentry cache linux_dmesg - Gather dmesg buffer linux_dump_map - Writes selected memory mappings to disk linux_find_file - Recovers tmpfs filesystems from memory linux_ifconfig - Gathers active interfaces linux_iomem - Provides output similar to /proc/iomem linux_keyboard_notifier - Parses the keyboard notifier call chain linux_lsmod - Gather loaded kernel modules linux_lsof - Lists open files linux_memmap - Dumps the memory map for linux tasks linux_moddump - Extract loaded kernel modules linux_mount - Gather mounted fs/devices linux_mount_cache - Gather mounted fs/devices from kmem_cache linux_netstat - Lists open sockets linux_pidhashtable - Enumerates processes through the PID hash table linux_pkt_queues - Writes per-process packet queues out to disk linux_proc_maps - Gathers process maps for linux linux_psaux - Gathers processes along with full command line and start time linux_pslist - Gather active tasks by walking the task_struct->task list linux_pslist_cache - Gather tasks from the kmem_cache linux_pstree - Shows the parent/child relationship between processes linux_psxview - Find hidden processes with various process listings linux_route_cache - Recovers the routing cache from memory linux_sk_buff_cache - Recovers packets from the sk_buff kmem_cache linux_slabinfo - Mimics /proc/slabinfo on a running machine linux_tmpfs - Recovers tmpfs filesystems from memory linux_vma_cache - Gather VMAs from the vm_area_struct cache linux_volshell - Shell in the memory image linux_yarascan - A shell in the Linux memory image lsadump - Dump (decrypted) LSA secrets from the registry mac_arp - Prints the arp table mac_check_syscalls - Checks to see if system call table entries are hooked mac_check_sysctl - Checks for unknown sysctl handlers mac_check_trap_table - Checks to see if mach trap table entries are hooked mac_dead_procs - Prints terminated/de-allocated processes mac_dmesg - Prints the kernel debug buffer mac_dump_maps - Dumps memory ranges of processes mac_find_aslr_shift - Find the ASLR shift value for 10.8+ images mac_ifconfig - Lists network interface information for all devices mac_ip_filters - Reports any hooked IP filters mac_list_sessions - Enumerates sessions mac_list_zones - Prints active zones mac_lsmod - Lists loaded kernel modules mac_lsof - Lists per-process opened files mac_machine_info - Prints machine information about the sample mac_mount - Prints mounted device information mac_netstat - Lists active per-process network connections mac_notifiers - Detects rootkits that add hooks into I/O Kit (e.g. LogKext) mac_pgrp_hash_table - Walks the process group hash table mac_pid_hash_table - Walks the pid hash table mac_print_boot_cmdline - Prints kernel boot arguments mac_proc_maps - Gets memory maps of processes mac_psaux - Prints processes with arguments in user land (**argv) mac_pslist - List Running Processes mac_pstree - Show parent/child relationship of processes mac_psxview - Find hidden processes with various process listings mac_route - Prints the routing table mac_tasks - List Active Tasks mac_trustedbsd - Lists malicious trustedbsd policies mac_version - Prints the Mac version mac_volshell - Shell in the memory image mac_yarascan - Scan memory for yara signatures machoinfo - Dump Mach-O file format information malfind - Find hidden and injected code mbrparser - Scans for and parses potential Master Boot Records (MBRs) memdump - Dump the addressable memory for a process memmap - Print the memory map messagehooks - List desktop and thread window message hooks mftparser - Scans for and parses potential MFT entries moddump - Dump a kernel driver to an executable file sample modscan - Scan Physical memory for _LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY objects modules - Print list of loaded modules mutantscan - Scan for mutant objects _KMUTANT netscan - Scan a Vista, 2008 or Windows 7 image for connections and sockets patcher - Patches memory based on page scans printkey - Print a registry key, and its subkeys and values privs - Display process privileges procexedump - Dump a process to an executable file sample procmemdump - Dump a process to an executable memory sample pslist - Print all running processes by following the EPROCESS lists psscan - Scan Physical memory for _EPROCESS pool allocations pstree - Print process list as a tree psxview - Find hidden processes with various process listings raw2dmp - Converts a physical memory sample to a windbg crash dump screenshot - Save a pseudo-screenshot based on GDI windows sessions - List details on _MM_SESSION_SPACE (user logon sessions) shellbags - Prints ShellBags info shimcache - Parses the Application Compatibility Shim Cache registry key sockets - Print list of open sockets sockscan - Scan Physical memory for _ADDRESS_OBJECT objects (tcp sockets) ssdt - Display SSDT entries strings - Match physical offsets to virtual addresses (may take a while, VERY verbose) svcscan - Scan for Windows services symlinkscan - Scan for symbolic link objects thrdscan - Scan physical memory for _ETHREAD objects threads - Investigate _ETHREAD and _KTHREADs timeliner - Creates a timeline from various artifacts in memory timers - Print kernel timers and associated module DPCs unloadedmodules - Print list of unloaded modules userassist - Print userassist registry keys and information userhandles - Dump the USER handle tables vaddump - Dumps out the vad sections to a file vadinfo - Dump the VAD info vadtree - Walk the VAD tree and display in tree format vadwalk - Walk the VAD tree vboxinfo - Dump virtualbox information vmwareinfo - Dump VMware VMSS/VMSN information volshell - Shell in the memory image windows - Print Desktop Windows (verbose details) wintree - Print Z-Order Desktop Windows Tree wndscan - Pool scanner for tagWINDOWSTATION (window stations) yarascan - Scan process or kernel memory with Yara signatures
CheckHiveSig - Check for a registry hive signature CheckPoolIndex - Checks the pool index CheckPoolSize - Check pool block size CheckPoolType - Check the pool type CheckProcess - Check sanity of _EPROCESS CheckSocketCreateTime - Check that _ADDRESS_OBJECT.CreateTime makes sense CheckThreads - Check sanity of _ETHREAD KPCRScannerCheck - Checks the self referential pointers to find KPCRs MultiPrefixFinderCheck - Checks for multiple strings per page, finishing at the offset MultiStringFinderCheck - Checks for multiple strings per page PoolTagCheck - This scanner checks for the occurance of a pool tag
To get more information on a sample and to make sure Volatility
supports that sample type, run 'python vol.py imageinfo -f
Example:
python vol.py imageinfo -f WIN-II7VOJTUNGL-20120324-193051.raw Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.3 Determining profile based on KDBG search...
Suggested Profile(s) : Win2008R2SP0x64, Win7SP1x64, Win7SP0x64, Win2008R2SP1x64 (Instantiated with Win7SP0x64)
AS Layer1 : AMD64PagedMemory (Kernel AS)
AS Layer2 : FileAddressSpace (/Users/Michael/Desktop/memory/WIN-II7VOJTUNGL-20120324-193051.raw)
PAE type : PAE
DTB : 0x187000L
KDBG : 0xf800016460a0
Number of Processors : 1
Image Type (Service Pack) : 1
KPCR for CPU 0 : 0xfffff80001647d00L
KUSER_SHARED_DATA : 0xfffff78000000000L
Image date and time : 2012-03-24 19:30:53 UTC+0000
Image local date and time : 2012-03-25 03:30:53 +0800Run some other tools. -f is a required option for all tools. Some
also require/accept other options. Run "python vol.py
http://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/CommandReference23as well as Basic Usage:
http://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/VolatilityUsage23Copyright (C) 2007-2013 Volatility Foundation
All Rights Reserved
Volatility is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
Volatility is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Volatility. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
There is no support provided with Volatility. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
If you think you've found a bug, please report it at:
http://code.google.com/p/volatility/issuesIn order to help us solve your issues as quickly as possible, please include the following information when filing a bug:
Depending on the operating system of the memory image, you may need to provide additional information, such as:
For Windows:
For Linux:
Other options for communicaton can be found at: http://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/VolatilityIntroduction
Volatility Foundation makes no claims about the validity or correctness of the output of Volatility. Many factors may contribute to the incorrectness of output from Volatility including, but not limited to, malicious modifications to the operating system, incomplete information due to swapping, and information corruption on image acquisition.
The following url contains a reference of all commands supported by Volatility.
http://code.google.com/p/volatility/wiki/CommandReference23