TzGo is Blockwatch's low-level Tezos Go SDK for reliable, high-performance applications. This SDK is free to use in commercial and non-commercial projects with a permissive license. Blockwatch is committed to keeping interfaces stable, providing long-term support, and updating TzGo on a regular basis to stay compliant with the most recent Tezos network protocol.
TzGo's main focus is on correctness, stability, and compliance with Tezos mainnet. It supports binary and JSON encodings for all Tezos types including Micheline smart contract data and all transaction formats. It's an ideal fit for high-performance applications that read from and write to the Tezos blockchain.
Current Tezos protocol support in TzGo
TzGo contains a full set of features to read, monitor, decode, translate, analyze and debug data from the Tezos blockchain, in particular from Tezos smart contracts:
tzgo/tezos to handle hashes, addresses, keys, signatures other types found on-chaintzgo/micheline to decode and translate data found in smart contract calls, storage, and bigmapstzgo/rpc for accessing the Tezos Node RPCtzgo/codec to construct and serialize operationstzgo/contract for smart contract calls and tokenstzgo/signer to sign transactions local or remoteTzGo's RPC package attempts to be compatible with all protocols so that reading historic block data is always supported. Binary transaction encoding and signing support is limited to the most recent protocol.
We attempt to upgrade TzGo whenever new protocols are proposed and will add new protocol features as soon as practically feasible and as demand for such features exists. For example, we don't fully Sapling and BLS signatures yet, but may add support in the future.
go get -u github.com/trilitech/tzgoThen import, using
import (
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/codec"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/tezos"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/micheline"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/rpc"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/wallet"
)Tezos uses Micheline for encoding smart contract data and code. The positive is that Micheline is strongly typed, the downside is that it's complex and has a few ambiguities that make it hard to use. TzGo contains a library that lets you decode, analyze and construct compliant Micheline data structures from Go.
Micheline uses basic primitives for encoding types and values. These primitives can be expressed in JSON and binary format and TzGo can translate between them efficiently. Micheline also supports type annotations which are used by high-level languages to express complex data types like records and their field names.
TzGo defines a basic Prim data type to work with Micheline primitives directly:
type Prim struct {
Type PrimType // primitive type
OpCode OpCode // primitive opcode (invalid on sequences, strings, bytes, int)
Args []Prim // optional nested arguments
Anno []string // optional type annotations
Int *big.Int // decoded value when Prim is an int
String string // decoded value when Prim is a string
Bytes []byte // decoded value when Prim is a byte sequence
WasPacked bool // true when content has been unpacked
}Since Micheline value encoding is quite verbose and can be ambiguous, TzGo supports unfolding of raw Micheline using the following TzGo wrapper types and their helper functions like Map(), GetInt64(), GetAddress():
Type is a TzGo wrapper for simple or complex primitives which contain annotated type infoValue is a TzGo wrapper for simple or complex primitives representing Micheline values in combination with their TypeKey is a TzGo wrapper for special comparable values that are used as maps or bigmap keysSometimes Micheline values have been packed into byte sequences with the Michelson PACK instruction and it is desirable to unpack them before processing (e.g. to retrieve UFT8 strings or nested records). TzGo supports Unpack() and UnpackAll() functions on primitives and values and also detects the internal type of packed data which is necessary for unfolding.
Below are a few examples showing how to use TzGo to easily access Tezos data in your application.
To parse/decode an address and output its components you can do the following:
import "github.com/trilitech/tzgo/tezos"
// parse and panic if invalid
addr := tezos.MustParseAddress("tz3RDC3Jdn4j15J7bBHZd29EUee9gVB1CxD9")
// parse and return error if invalid
addr, err := tezos.ParseAddress("tz3RDC3Jdn4j15J7bBHZd29EUee9gVB1CxD9")
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Invalid address: %v\n", err)
}
// Do smth with the address
fmt.Printf("Address type = %s\n", addr.Type)
fmt.Printf("Address bytes = %x\n", addr.Hash)
See examples/addr.go for more.
A Tezos node can notify applications when new blocks are attached to the chain. The Tezos RPC calls this monitor and technically it's a long-poll implementation. Here's how to use this feature in TzGo:
import "github.com/trilitech/tzgo/rpc"
// init SDK client
c, _ := rpc.NewClient("https://rpc.tzstats.com", nil)
// create block header monitor
mon := rpc.NewBlockHeaderMonitor()
defer mon.Close()
// all SDK functions take a context, here we just use a dummy
ctx := context.TODO()
// register the block monitor with our client
if err := c.MonitorBlockHeader(ctx, mon); err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
// wait for new block headers
for {
head, err := mon.Recv(ctx)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
// do smth with the block header
fmt.Printf("New block %s\n", head.Hash)
}
import (
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/micheline"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/rpc"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/tezos"
)
// we use the Baker Registry on mainnet as example
addr := tezos.MustParseAddress("KT1ChNsEFxwyCbJyWGSL3KdjeXE28AY1Kaog")
// init RPC client
c, _ := rpc.NewClient("https://rpc.tzstats.com", nil)
// fetch the contract's script and most recent storage
script, _ := c.GetContractScript(ctx, addr)
// unfold Micheline storage into human-readable form
val := micheline.NewValue(script.StorageType(), script.Storage)
m, _ := val.Map()
buf, _ := json.MarshalIndent(m, "", " ")
fmt.Println(string(buf))import (
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/micheline"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/rpc"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/tezos"
)
// init RPC client
c, _ := rpc.NewClient("https://rpc.tzstats.com", nil)
// assuming you have this transaction
tx := block.Operations[3][0].Contents[0].(*rpc.TransactionOp)
// load the contract's script for type info
script, err := c.GetContractScript(ctx, tx.Destination)
// unwrap params for nested entrypoints
ep, param, err := tx.Parameters.MapEntrypoint(script.ParamType())
// convert Micheline param data into human-readable form
val := micheline.NewValue(ep.Type(), param)
// e.g. access individual nested fields using value helpers
from, ok := val.GetAddress("transfer.from")Micheline type and value trees are verbose and can be ambiguous due to comb-pair optimizations. If you don't know or don't care about what that even means, you may want to use the Value API which helps you translate Micheline into human readable form.
There are multiple options to access decoded data:
// 1/
// decode into a Go type tree using `Map()` which produces
// - `map[string]interface{}` for records and maps
// - `[]interface{}` for lists and sets
// - `time.Time` for time values
// - `string` stringified numbers for Nat, Int, Mutez
// - `bool` for Booleans
// - `tezos.Address` for any string or bytes sequence that contains an address
// - `tezos.Key` for keys
// - `tezos.Signature` for signatures
// - `tezos.ChainIdHash` for chain ids
// - hex string for untyped bytes
// - opcode names for any Michelson opcode
// - opcode sequences for lambdas
m, err := val.Map()
buf, err := json.MarshalIndent(m, "", " ")
fmt.Println(string(buf))
// when you know the concrete type you can cast directly
fmt.Println("Value=", m.(map[string]interface{})["transfer"].(map[string]interface{})["value"])
// 2/
// access individual nested fields using value helpers (`ok` is true when the field
// exists and has the correct type; helpers exist for
// GetString() (string, bool)
// GetBytes() ([]byte, bool)
// GetInt64() (int64, bool)
// GetBig() (*big.Int, bool)
// GetBool() (bool, bool)
// GetTime() (time.Time, bool)
// GetAddress() (tezos.Address, bool)
// GetKey() (tezos.Key, bool)
// GetSignature() (tezos.Signature, bool)
from, ok := val.GetAddress("transfer.from")
// 3/
// unmarshal the decoded Micheline parameters into a json-tagged Go struct
type FA12Transfer struct {
From tezos.Address `json:"from"`
To tezos.Address `json:"to"`
Value int64 `json:"value,string"`
}
// FA1.2 params are nested, so we need an extra wrapper
type FA12TransferParams struct {
Transfer FA12Transfer `json:"transfer"`
}
var transfer FA12TransferParams
err := val.Unmarshal(&transfer)import (
"context"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/rpc"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/tezos"
)
// we use the hic et nunc NFT market on mainnet as example
addr := tezos.MustParseAddress("KT1Hkg5qeNhfwpKW4fXvq7HGZB9z2EnmCCA9")
// init RPC client
c, _ := rpc.NewClient("https://rpc.tzpro.io", nil)
ctx := context.TODO()
// fetch the contract's script and most recent storage
script, _ := c.GetContractScript(ctx, addr)
// bigmap pointers as named map[string]int64 (names from type annotations)
// Note that if a bigmap is anonymous, e.g. in a list, a temporary name will
// be returned here
named := script.Bigmaps()
// bigmap pointers as []int64
ids := []int64{}
for _, v := range named {
ids = append(ids, v)
}// init RPC client
c, _ := rpc.NewClient("https://rpc.tzstats.com", nil)
// load bigmap type info (use the Baker Registry on mainnet as example)
biginfo, _ := c.GetBigmapInfo(ctx, 17)
// list all bigmap keys
bigkeys, _ := c.GetBigmapKeys(ctx, 17)
// visit each value
for _, key := range bigkeys {
bigval, _ := c.GetBigmapValue(ctx, 17, key)
// unfold Micheline type into human readable form
val := micheline.NewValue(micheline.NewType(biginfo.ValueType), bigval)
m, _ := val.Map()
buf, _ := json.MarshalIndent(m, "", " ")
fmt.Println(string(buf))
}TzGo's rpc.NewClient() function takes an optional Go http.Client as parameter which you can configure before or after passing it to the library. The example below shows how to set custom timeouts and disable TLS certificate checks (not recommended in production, but useful if you use self-signed certificates during testing).
import (
"crypto/tls"
"log"
"net"
"net/http"
"github.com/trilitech/tzgo/rpc"
)
func main() {
hc := &http.Client{
Transport: &http.Transport{
Dial: (&net.Dialer{
Timeout: 2 * time.Second,
KeepAlive: 180 * time.Second,
}).Dial,
TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{
InsecureSkipVerify: true,
}
}
}
c, err := rpc.NewClient("https://my-private-node.local:8732", hc)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalln(err)
}
}The MIT License (MIT) Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Blockwatch Data Inc.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.