Fizz

Fizz is a wrapper for Gin based on gadgeto/tonic.

It generates wrapping gin-compatible handlers that do all the repetitive work and wrap the call to your handlers. It can also generates an almost complete OpenAPI 3 specification of your API.

Getting started

To create a Fizz instance, you can pass an existing Gin engine to fizz.NewFromEngine, or use fizz.New that will use a new default Gin engine.

engine := gin.Default()
engine.Use(...) // register global middlewares

f := fizz.NewFromEngine(engine)

A Fizz instance implements the http.HandlerFunc interface, which means it can be used as the base handler of your HTTP server.

srv := &http.Server{
   Addr:    ":4242",
   Handler: f,
}
srv.ListenAndServe()

Handlers

Fizz abstracts the GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS, HEAD and TRACE methods of a Gin engine. These functions accept a variadic list of handlers as the last parameter, but since Fizz relies on tonic to retrieve the informations required to generate the OpenAPI specification of the operation, only one of the handlers registered MUST be wrapped with Tonic.

In the following example, the BarHandler is a simple middleware that will be executed before the FooHandler, but the generator will use the input/output type of the FooHandler to generate the specification of the operation.

func BarHandler(c *gin.Context) { ... }
func FooHandler(*gin.Context, *Foo) (*Bar, error) { ... }

fizz := fizz.New()
fizz.GET("/foo/bar", nil, BarHandler, tonic.Handler(FooHandler, 200))

However, registering only standard handlers that follow the gin.HandlerFunc signature is accepted, but the OpenAPI generator will ignore the operation and it won't appear in the specification.

Operation informations

To enrich an operation, you can pass a list of optional OperationOption functions as the second parameters of the GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS and HEAD methods.

// Set the default response description.
// A default status text will be created from the code if it is omitted.
fizz.StatusDescription(desc string)

// Set the summary of the operation.
fizz.Summary(summary string)
fizz.Summaryf(format string, a ...interface{})

// Set the description of the operation.
fizz.Description(desc string)
fizz.Descriptionf(format string, a ...interface{})

// Override the ID of the operation.
// Must be a unique string used to identify the operation among
// all operations described in the API.
fizz.ID(id string)

// Mark the operation as deprecated.
fizz.Deprecated(deprecated bool)

// Add an additional response to the operation.
// The example argument will populate a single example in the response schema.
// For populating multiple examples, use fizz.ResponseWithExamples.
// Notice that example and examples fields are mutually exclusive.
// model, header, and example may be `nil`.
fizz.Response(statusCode, desc string, model interface{}, headers []*ResponseHeader, example interface{})

// ResponseWithExamples is a variant of Response that supports providing multiple examples.
// Examples argument will populate multiple examples in the response schema.
// For populating a single example, use fizz.Response.
// Notice that example and examples fields are mutually exclusive.
// model, header, and examples may be `nil`.
fizz.ResponseWithExamples(statusCode, desc string, model interface{}, headers []*ResponseHeader, examples map[string]interface{})

// Add an additional header to the default response.
// Model can be of any type, and may also be `nil`,
// in which case the string type will be used as default.
fizz.Header(name, desc string, model interface{})

// Override the binding model of the operation.
fizz.InputModel(model interface{})

// Overrides the top-level security requirement of an operation.
// Note that this function can be used more than once to add several requirements.
fizz.Security(security *openapi.SecurityRequirement)

// Add an empty security requirement to this operation to make other security requirements optional.
fizz.WithOptionalSecurity()

// Remove any top-level security requirements for this operation.
fizz.WithoutSecurity()

// Add a Code Sample to the operation.
fizz.XCodeSample(codeSample *XCodeSample)

// Mark the operation as internal. The x-internal flag is interpreted by third-party tools and it only impacts the visual documentation rendering.
fizz.XInternal()

NOTES:

• fizz.InputModel allows to override the operation input regardless of how the handler implementation really binds the request parameters. It is the developer responsibility to ensure that the binding matches the OpenAPI specification.
• The first argument of the fizz.Reponse method which represents an HTTP status code is of type string because the spec accept the value default. See the Responses Object documentation for more informations.

To help you declare additional headers, predefined variables for Go primitives types that you can use as the third argument of the fizz.Header method are available:

var (
   Integer  int32
   Long     int64
   Float    float32
   Double   float64
   String   string
   Byte     []byte
   Binary   []byte
   Boolean  bool
   DateTime time.Time
)

Groups

Exactly like you would do with Gin, you can create a group of routes using the method Group. Unlike Gin own method, Fizz's one takes two other optional arguments, name and description. These parameters will be used to create a tag in the OpenAPI specification that will be applied to all the routes added to the group.

grp := f.Group("/subpath", "MyGroup", "Group description", middlewares...)

If the name parameter is empty, the tag won't be created and it won't be used.

Subgroups of subgroups can be created to an infinite depth, according yo your needs.

foo := f.Group("/foo", "Foo", "Foo group")

// all routes registered on group bar will have
// a relative path starting with /foo/bar
bar := f.Group("/bar", "Bar", "Bar group")

// /foo/bar/{barID}
bar.GET("/:barID", nil, tonic.Handler(MyBarHandler, 200))

The Use method can be used with groups to register middlewares after their creation.

grp.Use(middleware1, middleware2, ...)

Tonic

The subpackage tonic handles path/query/header/body parameters binding in a single consolidated input object which allows you to remove all the boilerplate code that retrieves and tests the presence of various parameters. The OpenAPI generator make use of the input/output types informations of a tonic-wrapped handler reported by tonic to document the operation in the specification.

The handlers wrapped with tonic must follow the following signature.

func(*gin.Context, [input object ptr]) ([output object], error)

Input and output objects are both optional, as such, the minimal accepted signature is:

func(*gin.Context) error

To wrap a handler with tonic, use the tonic.Handler method. It takes a function that follow the above signature and a default status code and return a gin.HandlerFunc function that can be used when you register a route with Fizz of Gin.

Output objects can be of any type, and will be marshalled to the desired media type. Note that the input object MUST always be a pointer to a struct, or the tonic wrapping will panic at runtime.

If you use closures as handlers, please note that they will all have the same name, and the generator will return an error. To overcome this problem, you have to explicitely set the ID of an operation when you register the handler.

func MyHandler() gin.HandlerFunc {
   return tonic.Handler(func(c *gin.Context) error {}, 200)
}

fizz.GET("/foo", []fizz.OperationOption{
   fizz.ID("MyOperationID")
}, MyHandler())

Location tags

tonic uses three struct tags to recognize the parameters it should bind to the input object of your tonic-wrapped handlers:

• path: bind from the request path
• query: bind from the request query string
• header: bind from the request headers

The fields that doesn't use one of these tags will be considered as part of the request body.

The value of each struct tag represents the name of the field in each location, with options.

type MyHandlerParams struct {
   ID  int64     `path:"id"`
   Foo string    `query:"foo"`
   Bar time.Time `header:"x-foo-bar"`
}

tonic will automatically convert the value extracted from the location described by the tag to the appropriate type before binding.

NOTE: A path parameter is always required and will appear required in the spec regardless of the validate tag content.

Additional tags

You can use additional tags. Some will be interpreted by tonic, others will be exclusively used to enrich the OpenAPI specification.

JSON/XML

The JSON/XML encoders usually omit a field that has the tag "-". This behaviour is reproduced by the OpenAPI generator ; a field with this tag won't appear in the properties of the schema.

In the following example, the field Input is used only for binding request body parameters and won't appear in the output encoding while Output will be marshaled but will not be used for parameters binding.

type Model struct {
    Input  string `json:"-"`
    Output string `json:"output" binding:"-"`
}

Request body

If you want to make a request body field mandatory, you can use the tag validate:"required". The validator used by tonic will ensure that the field is present. To be able to make a difference between a missing value and the zero value of a type, use a pointer.

To explicitly ignore a parameter from the request body, use the tag binding:"-".

Note that the OpenAPI generator will ignore request body parameters for the routes with a method that is one of GET, DELETE or HEAD.

GET, DELETE and HEAD are no longer allowed to have request body because it does not have defined semantics as per RFC 7231. source

Schema validation

The OpenAPI generator recognize some tags of the go-playground/validator.v8 package and translate those to the properties of the schema that are taken from the JSON Schema definition.

The supported tags are: len, max, min, eq, gt, gte, lt, lte.

Based on the type of the field that carry the tag, the fields maximum, minimum, minLength, maxLength, minItems, maxItems, minProperties and maxProperties of its JSON Schema will be filled accordingly.

OpenAPI specification

To serve the generated OpenAPI specification in either JSON or YAML format, use the handler returned by the fizz.OpenAPI method.

To enrich the specification, you can provide additional informations. Head to the OpenAPI 3 spec for more informations about the API informations that you can specify, or take a look at the type openapi.Info in the file openapi/spec.go.

f := fizz.New()
infos := &openapi.Info{
   Title:       "Fruits Market",
   Description: `This is a sample Fruits market server.`,
   Version:     "1.0.0",
}
f.GET("/openapi.json", nil, f.OpenAPI(infos, "json"))

NOTE: The generator will never panic. However, it is strongly recommended to call fizz.Errors to retrieve and handle the errors that may have occured during the generation of the specification before starting your API.

Servers information

If the OpenAPI specification refers to an API that is not hosted on the same domain, or using a path prefix not included in the spec, you will have to declare server information. This can be achieved using the f.Generator().SetServers method.

f := fizz.New()
f.Generator().SetServers([]*openapi.Server{
   {
      Description: "Fruits Market - production",
      URL:         "https://example.org/api/1.0",
   },
})

Security schemes

If your API requires authentication, you have to declare the security schemes that can be used by the operations. This can be achieved using the f.Generator().SetSecuritySchemes method.

f := fizz.New()
f.Generator().SetSecuritySchemes(map[string]*openapi.SecuritySchemeOrRef{
   "apiToken": {
      SecurityScheme: &openapi.SecurityScheme{
         Type: "apiKey",
         In:   "header",
         Name: "x-api-token",
      },
   },
})

Once defined, the security schemes will be available for all operations. You can override them on an per-operation basis using the fizz.Security() function.

fizz.Security(&openapi.SecurityRequirement{
   "apiToken": []string{},
})

Components

The output types of your handlers are registered as components within the generated specification. By default, the name used for each component is composed of the package and type name concatenated using CamelCase style, and does not contain the full import path. As such, please ensure that you don't use the same type name in two eponym package in your application.

The names of the components can be customized in two different ways.

Global override

Override the name of a type globally before registering your handlers. This has the highest precedence.

f := fizz.New()
f.Generator().OverrideTypeName(reflect.TypeOf(T{}), "OverridedName")

Interface

Implements the openapi.Typer interface on your types.

func (*T) TypeName() string { return "OverridedName" }

WARNING: You MUST not rely on the method receiver to return the name, because the method will be called on a new instance created by the generator with the reflect package.

Custom schemas

The spec generator creates OpenAPI schemas for your types based on their reflection kind. If you want to control the output schema of a type manually, you can implement the DataType interface for this type.

For example, given a UUID version 4 type, declared as a struct, that should appear as a string with a custom format.

type UUIDv4 struct { ... }

func (*UUIDv4) Format() string { return "uuid" }
func (*UUIDv4) Type() string { return "string" }

The schema of the type will look like the following instead of describing all the fields of the struct.

{
   "type": "string",
   "format": "uuid"
}

If you want to override the nullable property of a type, you can implement the Nullable interface for this type.

For example, if sql.NullString is not referenced by a pointer in your model but you still want it to be "nullable":

type NullString sql.NullString

func (NullString) Nullable() bool { return true }

WARNING: You MUST not rely on the method receivers to return the type and format, because these methods will be called on a new instance created by the generator with the reflect package.

You can also override manually the type and format using OverrideDataType(). This has the highest precedence.

fizz.Generator().OverrideDataType(reflect.TypeOf(&UUIDv4{}), "string", "uuid")

Native and imported types support

Fizz supports some native and imported types. A schema with a proper type and format will be generated automatically, removing the need for creating your own custom schema.

• time.Time
• time.Duration
• net.URL
• net.IP

Note that, according to the doc, the inherent version of the address is a semantic property, and thus cannot be determined by Fizz. Therefore, the format returned is simply ip. If you want to specify the version, you can use the tags format:"ipv4" or format:"ipv6".

• uuid.UUID

Markdown

Throughout the specification description fields are noted as supporting CommonMark markdown formatting. Where OpenAPI tooling renders rich text it MUST support, at a minimum, markdown syntax as described by CommonMark 0.27. Tooling MAY choose to ignore some CommonMark features to address security concerns. source

To help you write markdown descriptions in Go, a simple builder is available in the sub-package markdown. This is quite handy to avoid conflicts with backticks that are both used in Go for litteral multi-lines strings and code blocks in markdown.

Providing Examples for Custom Types

To be able to provide examples for custom types, they must implement the json.Marshaler and/or yaml.Marshaler and the following interface:

type Exampler interface {
       ParseExample(v string) (interface{}, error)
}

If the custom type implements the interface, Fizz will pass the value from the example tag to the ParseExample method and use the return value as the example in the OpenAPI specification.

Known limitations

• Since OpenAPI is based on the JSON Schema specification itself, objects (Go maps) with keys that are not of type string are not supported and will be ignored during the generation of the specification.

• Recursive embedding of the same type is not supported, at any level of recursion. The generator will warn and skip the offending fields.

  type A struct {
    Foo int
    *A   // ko, embedded and same type as parent
    A *A // ok, not embedded
    *B   // ok, different type
  }
  
  type B struct {
    Bar string
    *A // ko, type B is embedded in type A
    *C // ok, type C does not contains an embedded field of type A
  }
  
  type C struct {
    Baz bool
  }

Examples

A simple runnable API is available in examples/market.

go build
./market
# Retrieve the specification marshaled in JSON.
curl -i http://localhost:4242/openapi.json

Credits

Fizz is based on gin-gonic/gin and use gadgeto/tonic. :heart: