Pivot

A new spin on programming

This is Pivot, a scripting language designed to make programming a more enjoyable experience. Pivot is developed with the user in mind and has speech-like logic syntax structure. The core team aims to build a feature rich language that can serve both expert and novice programmers alike.

Inspired by programming languages like JavaScript, F#, and Python, Pivot features syntax and semantics designed with an effort to be simple while still preserving the complex, logical features that make these languages so great.

• Statically typed with some auto type inference
• Strongly typed
• Scripting
• Impure functional language

Pivot is created by @Will DiBiagio, @Jigar Swaminarayan, @Manny Barreto and @Nicolas Raymundo.

Contents

• Contents
• Types
  • Primitive Types
  • Data types
• Operators
  • Binary Operators
  • Unary Operators
• Comments
• Pivot Examples
  • Variable Declarations
  • Tasks
  • Task Statement
  • Call Chain
  • Functions
  • Function Definition
  • Function Call
  • Control Flow
  • If Then
  • If Then Else
  • Short If
  • Iteration
  • For Loop
  • While Loop
  • Repeat Loop
  • Dictionaries
  • Dictionary Declaration
  • Dictionary Accessing
  • Dictionary Built-ins
  • Lists
  • List Indexing
  • List Built-ins
  • List Concatenation
  • JavaScript Comparison
  • Find Minimum Element
    • Pivot
    • JavaScript
  • Fibonacci
    • Pivot
    • JavaScript
  • Even or Odd
    • Pivot
    • JavaScript
  • Greatest Common Divisor
    • Pivot
    • JavaScript
  • First Factorial
    • Pivot
    • JavaScript
• Semantic Errors
• Optimizations
  • Strength Reduction
  • IfShort
  • While
• 📄 License

Types

Primitive Types

• Strings: str
• Characters: char
• Booleans: bool
• Numbers: num
• Auto: _

Data types

• Lists: [type]
• Dictionaries: {type:type}

Operators

Binary Operators

Unary Operators

Comments

• Single line: //
• Multi-line: /* */

Pivot Examples

Variable Declarations

str name <- "Jigar";
_ age <- 21;
bool below6ft <- true;
[str] animals <- ["dog", "cat", "pig"];
all num a, b, c <- 1, 2, 3;
{str:num} ages <- {"john" : 5, "tim" : 6};

Tasks

Task Statement

num pow4 -> num default ** 4;

Call Chain

Call chain with a built-in task or user defined task

print (-33) >> abs >> pow4;

Functions

Function Definition

add5(num x) -> num
    return x + 5;
end

Function Call

add5(10);

Control Flow

If Then

num x <- 3.1415;
if x > 3 then print "larger than 3"; end

If Then Else

num x <- 3.1415;
if x > 3 then 
  print "larger than 3";
else
  print "less than 3";
end

Short If

num x <- 32102123;
str msg <- "hello" when x % 3 == 2 otherwise "bye";

Iteration

For Loop

for num x <- 0; x <= 10; x <- x + 1 do
    print x;
end

While Loop

num x <- 25;
while x do
    print x;
    x <- x - 1;
end

Repeat Loop

num x <- 30;
repeat
    print x;
    x <- x - 5;
when x == -30 end

Dictionaries

Dictionary Declaration

{str:num} ages <- {"john" : 5, "tim" : 6};

Dictionary Accessing

ages:"john" // 5

Dictionary Built-ins

Yet to be implemented

• contains(keyId) contains key
• del(keyId) delete pair by key
• keys list of keys
• values list of values

ages::keys                // ["john", "tim"]
ages::values              // [5, 6]
ages::contains("michael") // false
ages::del("john")         // {"tim" : 6}

Lists

[str] friends <- [ "john", "tim", "steve" ];

List Indexing

friends:1
friends:1...3

List Built-ins

• head first element
• tail last element
• len number of elements
• find(elemId) index of element
• push(elem) add to the end of a list
• pop() remove from the end of a list
• unshift(elem) add to the beginning of a list
• shift() remove from the beginning of a list

friends::head()    // "john"
friends::tail()    // "steve"
friends::len()     // 3
friends::find(tim) // 1

List Concatenation

[str] friends <- ["john", "tim"];
friends <- friends + ["alex", "sasha"];
print friends;                           // ["john", "tim", "alex", "sasha"]

JavaScript Comparison

Find Minimum Element

Pivot

findMin([num] arr, num low, num high) -> num
    if high < low then return arr:0; end

    if high == low then return arr:low; end

    num mid <- (low + high)/2;

    if mid < high and arr:mid+1 < arr:mid then
      return arr:mid+1;
    end

    if mid > low and arr:mid < arr:mid-1 then
      return arr:mid;
    end

    if arr:high > arr:mid then return findMin(arr, low, mid - 1); end

    return findMin(arr, mid + 1, high);
end

JavaScript

function findMin(arr, low, high) {
  if (high < low) {
    return arr[0] 
  }

  if (high == low) {
    return arr[low] 
  } 

  let mid = (low + high)/2

  if (mid < high && (arr[mid+1] < arr[mid])) {
    return arr[mid+1]
  } 

  if (mid > low && (arr[mid] < arr[mid - 1])) {
    return arr[mid]
  }

  if (arr[high] > arr[mid]) {
    return findMin(arr, low, mid-1) 
  }
  return findMin(arr, mid+1, high) 
}

Fibonacci

Pivot

fibonacci(num x) -> num
    all num a, b, temp <- 1, 0, 0;

    repeat
        temp <- a;
        a <- a + b;
        b <- temp;
        x <- x - 1;
    when num == 0 end
    return b;
end

JavaScript

function fibonacci(x) {
    let a = 1, b = 0, temp = 0;
    do {
        temp = a;
        a = a + b;
        b = temp;
        x--;
    }
    while (!(x === 0));
    return b;
};

Even or Odd

Pivot

evenOdd(num x) -> bool
    return x % 2 == 0;
end

JavaScript

function evenOdd(x) {
  return x % 2 == 0;
}

Greatest Common Divisor

Pivot

gcd(num a, num b) -> num
    return a when !b otherwise gcd(b, a % b);
end

JavaScript

function gcd(a, b) {
  return !b ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
}

First Factorial

Pivot

firstFactorial(num x) -> num
    if x == 0 or x == 1 then return 1; end
    return x * firstFactorial(x - 1);
end

JavaScript

function firstFactorial(x) {
  if (x == 0 || x == 1) {
    return 1;
  }
  return x * firstFactorial(x - 1);
}

Semantic Errors

• Type mismatch in declaration
• Variable already declared
• Variable assignment type mismatch
• Variable not yet declared
• Non-existing function call
• Incorrect number of function parameters
• Mismatched function return type
• Types are not compatible
• Function missing return statement
• Arithmetic with undefined variable
• Invalid types used with addition
• Invalid types used with multiplication
• Invalid types used with subtraction
• Invalid types used with division
• Incorrect use of unary operator
• Inconsistent list types
• Invalid variable type
• Break outside of loops or task
• Deterministic condition
• Invalid dict types
• Unreachable statement
• Inconsistent dict expression types

Optimizations

Strength Reduction

• Negation of BoolLiteral and NumericLiteral
• Arithmetic expressions
• Relational expressions
• OR operations
• AND operations

IfShort

• Returning either the expression or alternate if the condition can be evaluated

While

• No op optimization

📄 License

Pivot is MIT licensed, as found in the LICENSE file.