ST7789 Driver for MicroPython

This driver is based on devbis' st7789_mpy driver. I modified the original driver for one of my projects to add:

• Display Rotation.
• Scrolling
• Writing text using bitmaps converted from True Type fonts
• Drawing text using 8 and 16-bit wide bitmap fonts
• Drawing text using Hershey vector fonts
• Drawing JPGs, including a SLOW mode to draw jpg's larger than available ram using the TJpgDec - Tiny JPEG Decompressor R0.01d. from http://elm-chan.org/fsw/tjpgd/00index.html
• Drawing PNGs using the pngle library from https://github.com/kikuchan/pngle
• Drawing and rotating Polygons and filled Polygons.
• Tracking bounds
• Custom init capability to support st7735, ili9341, ili9342 and other displays. See the examples/configs folder for M5Stack Core, M5Stack Core2, T-DONGLE-S3 and Wio_Terminal devices.

Included are 12 bitmap fonts derived from classic pc text mode fonts, 26 Hershey vector fonts and several example programs for different devices.

Display Configuration

Some displays may use a BGR color order or inverted colors. The cfg_helper.py program can be used to determine the color order, inversion_mode, colstart, and rowstart values needed for a display.

Color Modes

You can test for the correct color order needed by a display by filling it with the st7789.RED color and observing the actual color displayed.

• If the displayed color is RED, the settings are correct.
• If the displayed color is BLUE, color_order should be st7789.BGR.
• If the displayed color is YELLOW, inversion_mode should be True.
• If the displayed color is CYAN, color_order should be st7789.BGR and inversion_mode should be True.

colstart and rowstart

Some displays have a frame buffer memory larger than the physical display matrix. In these cases, the driver must be configured with the position of the first physical column and row pixels relative to the frame buffer. Each rotation setting of the display may require different colstart and rowstart values.

The driver automatically sets the colstart and rowstart values for common 135x240, 240x240, 170x320 and 240x320 displays. If the default values do not work for your display, these values can be overridden using the offsets method. The offsets method should be called after any rotation method calls.

128x128 st7735 cfg_helper.py example

inversion_mode(False)
color_order = st7789.BGR
for rotation 0 use offset(2, 1)
for rotation 1 use offset(1, 2)
for rotation 2 use offset(2, 3)
for rotation 3 use offset(3, 2)

128x160 st7735 cfg_helper.py example

inversion_mode(False)
color_order = st7789.RGB
for rotation 0 use offset(0, 0)
for rotation 1 use offset(0, 0)
for rotation 2 use offset(0, 0)
for rotation 3 use offset(0, 0)

Pre-compiled firmware files

The firmware directory contains pre-compiled firmware for various devices with the st7789 C driver and frozen python font files. See the README.md file in the fonts folder for more information on the font files.

MicroPython MicroPython v1.20.0 compiled with ESP IDF v4.4.4 using CMake

Additional Modules

Video Examples

This is a work in progress.

Thanks go out to:

• https://github.com/devbis for the original driver this is based on.
• https://github.com/hklang10 for letting me know of the new mp_raise_ValueError().
• https://github.com/aleggon for finding the correct offsets for 240x240 displays and for discovering issues compiling STM32 ports.

-- Russ

Overview

This is a driver for MicroPython to handle cheap displays based on the ST7789 chip. The driver is written in C. Firmware is provided for ESP32, ESP32 with SPIRAM, pyboard1.1, and Raspberry Pi Pico devices.

Setup MicroPython Build Environment in Ubuntu 20.04.2

See the MicroPython README.md if you run into any build issues not directly related to the st7789 driver. The recommended MicroPython build instructions may have changed.

Update and upgrade Ubuntu using apt-get if you are using a new install of Ubuntu or the Windows Subsystem for Linux.

sudo apt-get -y update
sudo apt-get -y upgrade

Use apt-get to install the required build tools.

sudo apt-get -y install build-essential libffi-dev git pkg-config cmake virtualenv python3-pip python3-virtualenv

Install a compatible esp-idf SDK

The MicroPython README.md states: "The ESP-IDF changes quickly, and MicroPython only supports certain versions. Currently, MicroPython supports v4.0.2, v4.1.1, and v4.2 although other IDF v4 versions may also work." I have had good luck using IDF v4.4

Clone the esp-idf SDK repo -- this usually takes several minutes.

git clone -b v4.4 --recursive https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf.git
cd esp-idf/
git pull

If you already have a copy of the IDF, you can checkout a version compatible with MicroPython and update the submodules using:

$ cd esp-idf
$ git checkout v4.4
$ git submodule update --init --recursive

Install the esp-idf SDK.

./install.sh

Source the esp-idf export.sh script to set the required environment variables. You must source the file and not run it using ./export.sh. You will need to source this file before compiling MicroPython.

source export.sh
cd ..

Clone the MicroPython repo.

git clone https://github.com/micropython/micropython.git

Clone the st7789 driver repo.

git clone https://github.com/russhughes/st7789_mpy.git

Update the git submodules and compile the MicroPython cross-compiler

cd micropython/
git submodule update --init
cd mpy-cross/
make
cd ..
cd ports/esp32

Copy any .py files you want to include in the firmware as frozen python modules to the modules subdirectory in ports/esp32. Be aware there is a limit to the flash space available. You will know you have exceeded this limit if you receive an error message saying the code won't fit in the partition or if your firmware continuously reboots with an error.

For example:

cp ../../../st7789_mpy/fonts/bitmap/vga1_16x16.py modules
cp ../../../st7789_mpy/fonts/truetype/NotoSans_32.py modules
cp ../../../st7789_mpy/fonts/vector/scripts.py modules

Build the MicroPython firmware with the driver and frozen .py files in the modules directory. If you did not add any .py files to the modules directory, you can leave out the FROZEN_MANIFEST and FROZEN_MPY_DIR settings.

make USER_C_MODULES=../../../../st7789_mpy/st7789/micropython.cmake FROZEN_MANIFEST="" FROZEN_MPY_DIR=$UPYDIR/modules

Erase and flash the firmware to your device. Set PORT= to the ESP32's usb serial port. I could not get the USB serial port to work under the Windows Subsystem (WSL2) for Linux. If you have the same issue, you can copy the firmware.bin file and use the Windows esptool.py to flash your device.

make USER_C_MODULES=../../../../st7789_mpy/st7789/micropython.cmake PORT=/dev/ttyUSB0 erase
make USER_C_MODULES=../../../../st7789_mpy/st7789/micropython.cmake PORT=/dev/ttyUSB0 deploy

The firmware.bin file will be in the build-GENERIC directory. To flash using the python esptool.py utility. Use pip3 to install the esptool if it's not already installed.

pip3 install esptool

Set PORT= to the ESP32's USB serial port

esptool.py --port COM3 erase_flash
esptool.py --chip esp32 --port COM3 write_flash -z 0x1000 firmware.bin

CMake building instructions for MicroPython 1.14 and later

for ESP32:

$ cd micropython/ports/esp32

And then compile the module with specified USER_C_MODULES dir.

$ make USER_C_MODULES=../../../../st7789_mpy/st7789/micropython.cmake

for Raspberry Pi PICO:

$ cd micropython/ports/rp2

And then compile the module with specified USER_C_MODULES dir.

$ make USER_C_MODULES=../../../st7789_mpy/st7789/micropython.cmake

Working examples

This module was tested on ESP32, STM32 based pyboard v1.1, and the Raspberry Pi Pico. You have to provide an SPI object and the pin to use for the `dc' input of the screen.

# ESP32 Example
# To use baudrates above 26.6MHz you must use my firmware or modify the micropython
# source code to increase the SPI baudrate limit by adding SPI_DEVICE_NO_DUMMY to the
# .flag member of the spi_device_interface_config_t struct in the machine_hw_spi_init_internal.c
# file.  Not doing so will cause the ESP32 to crash if you use a baudrate that is too high.

import machine
import st7789
spi = machine.SPI(2, baudrate=40000000, polarity=1, sck=machine.Pin(18), mosi=machine.Pin(23))
display = st7789.ST7789(spi, 240, 240, reset=machine.Pin(4, machine.Pin.OUT), dc=machine.Pin(2, machine.Pin.OUT))
display.init()

Methods

• st7789.ST7789(spi, width, height, dc, reset, cs, backlight, rotations, rotation, custom_init, color_order, inversion, options, buffer_size)

  Required positional arguments:

  • spi spi device
  • width display width
  • height display height

  Required keyword arguments:

  • dc sets the pin connected to the display data/command selection input. This parameter is always required.

  Optional keyword arguments:

  • reset sets the pin connected to the display's hardware reset input. If the displays reset pin is tied high, the reset parameter is not required.

  • cs sets the pin connected to the displays chip select input. If the display's CS pin is tied low, the display must be the only device connected to the SPI port. The display will always be the selected device, and the cs parameter is not required.

  • backlight sets the pin connected to the display's backlight enable input. The display's backlight input can often be left floating or disconnected as the backlight on some displays is always powered on and cannot be turned off.

  • rotations sets the orientation table. The orientation table is a list of tuples for each rotation used to set the MADCTL register, display width, display height, start_x, and start_y values.

    Default rotations are included for the following st7789 and st7735 display sizes:

    Display	Default Orientation Tables
    240x320	[(0x00, 240, 320, 0, 0), (0x60, 320, 240, 0, 0), (0xc0, 240, 320, 0, 0), (0xa0, 320, 240, 0, 0)]
    170x320	[(0x00, 170, 320, 35, 0), (0x60, 320, 170, 0, 35), (0xc0, 170, 320, 35, 0), (0xa0, 320, 170, 0, 35)]
    240x240	[(0x00, 240, 240, 0, 0), (0x60, 240, 240, 0, 0), (0xc0, 240, 240, 0, 80), (0xa0, 240, 240, 80, 0)]
    135x240	[(0x00, 135, 240, 52, 40), (0x60, 240, 135, 40, 53), (0xc0, 135, 240, 53, 40), (0xa0, 240, 135, 40, 52)]
    128x160	[(0x00, 128, 160, 0, 0), (0x60, 160, 128, 0, 0), (0xc0, 128, 160, 0, 0), (0xa0, 160, 128, 0, 0)]
    128x128	[(0x00, 128, 128, 2, 1), (0x60, 128, 128, 1, 2), (0xc0, 128, 128, 2, 3), (0xa0, 128, 128, 3, 2)]
    other	[(0x00, width, height, 0, 0)]

    You may define as many rotations as you wish.

  • rotation sets the display rotation according to the orientation table.

    The default orientation table defines four counter-clockwise rotations for 240x320, 240x240, 134x240, 128x160 and 128x128 displays with the LCD's ribbon cable at the bottom of the display. The default rotation is Portrait (0 degrees).

    Index	Rotation
    0	Portrait (0 degrees)
    1	Landscape (90 degrees)
    2	Reverse Portrait (180 degrees)
    3	Reverse Landscape (270 degrees)

  • custom_init List of display configuration commands to send to the display during the display init(). The list contains tuples with a bytes object, optionally followed by a delay specified in ms. The first byte of the bytes object contains the command to send optionally followed by data bytes. See the examples/configs/t_dongle_s3/tft_config.py file or an example.

  • color_order Sets the color order used by the driver (st7789.RGB or st7789.BGR)

  • inversion Sets the display color inversion mode if True, clears the display color inversion mode if false.

  • options Sets driver option flags.

    Option	Description
    st7789.WRAP	pixels, lines, polygons, and Hershey text will wrap around the display both horizontally and vertically.
    st7789.WRAP_H	pixels, lines, polygons, and Hershey text will wrap around the display horizontally.
    st7789.WRAP_V	pixels, lines, polygons, and Hershey text will wrap around the display vertically.

  • buffer_size If a buffer_size is not specified, a dynamically allocated buffer is created and freed as needed. If a buffer_size is set, it must be large enough to contain the largest bitmap, font character, and decoded JPG image used (Rows Columns 2 bytes, 16bit colors in RGB565 notation). Dynamic allocation is slower and can cause heap fragmentation, so garbage collection (GC) should be enabled.

• inversion_mode(bool) Sets the display color inversion mode if True, clears the display color inversion mode if False.

• madctl(value) Returns the current value of the MADCTL register or sets the MADCTL register if a value is passed to the method. The MADCTL register is used to set the display rotation and color order.

  MADCTL constants

  Constant Name	Value	Description
  st7789.MADCTL_MY	0x80	Page Address Order
  st7789_MADCTL_MX	0x40	Column Address Order
  st7789_MADCTL_MV	0x20	Page/Column Order
  st7789_MADCTL_ML	0x10	Line Address Order
  st7789_MADCTL_MH	0x04	Display Data Latch Order
  st7789_RGB	0x00	RGB color order
  st7789_BGR	0x08	BGR color order

  MADCTL examples

  Orientation	MADCTL Values for RGB color order, for BGR color order add 0x08 to the value.
  	0x00
  	0x80 ( MADCTL_MY )
  	0x40 ( MADCTL_MX )
  	0xC0 ( MADCTL_MX + MADCTL_MY )
  	0x20 ( MADCTL_MV )
  	0xA0 ( MADCTL_MV + MADCTL_MY )
  	0x60 ( MADCTL_MV + MADCTL_MX )
  	0xE0 ( MADCTL_MV + MADCTL_MX + MADCTL_MY )

• init()

  Must be called to initialize the display.

• on()

  Turn on the backlight pin if one was defined during init.

• off()

  Turn off the backlight pin if one was defined during init.

• sleep_mode(value)

  If value is True, cause the display to enter sleep mode, otherwise wake up if value is False. During sleep display content may not be preserved.

• fill(color)

  Fill the display with the specified color.

• pixel(x, y, color)

  Set the specified pixel to the given color.

• line(x0, y0, x1, y1, color)

  Draws a single line with the provided color from (x0, y0) to (x1, y1).

• hline(x, y, length, color)

  Draws a single horizontal line with the provided color and length in pixels. Along with vline, this is a fast version with fewer SPI calls.

• vline(x, y, length, color)

  Draws a single horizontal line with the provided color and length in pixels.

• rect(x, y, width, height, color)

  Draws a rectangle from (x, y) with corresponding dimensions

• fill_rect(x, y, width, height, color)

  Fill a rectangle starting from (x, y) coordinates

• circle(x, y, r, color)

  Draws a circle with radius r centered at the (x, y) coordinates in the given color.

• fill_circle(x, y, r, color)

  Draws a filled circle with radius r centered at the (x, y) coordinates in the given color.

• blit_buffer(buffer, x, y, width, height)

  Copy bytes() or bytearray() content to the screen internal memory. Note: every color requires 2 bytes in the array

• text(font, s, x, y[, fg, bg])

  Write s (integer, string or bytes) to the display using the specified bitmap font with the coordinates as the upper-left corner of the text. The optional arguments fg and bg can set the foreground and background colors of the text; otherwise the foreground color defaults to WHITE, and the background color defaults to BLACK. See the README.md in the fonts/bitmap directory for example fonts.

• write(bitmap_font, s, x, y[, fg, bg, background_tuple, fill_flag])

  Write text to the display using the specified proportional or Monospace bitmap font module with the coordinates as the upper-left corner of the text. The foreground and background colors of the text can be set by the optional arguments fg and bg, otherwise the foreground color defaults to WHITE and the background color defaults to BLACK.

  Transparency can be emulated by providing a background_tuple containing (bitmap_buffer, width, height). This is the same format used by the jpg_decode method. See examples/T-DISPLAY/clock/clock.py for an example.

  See the README.md in the truetype/fonts directory for example fonts. Returns the width of the string as printed in pixels. Accepts UTF8 encoded strings.

  The font2bitmap utility creates compatible 1 bit per pixel bitmap modules from Proportional or Monospaced True Type fonts. The character size, foreground, background colors, and characters in the bitmap module may be specified as parameters. Use the -h option for details. If you specify a buffer_size during the display initialization, it must be large enough to hold the widest character (HEIGHT MAX_WIDTH 2).

• write_len(bitap_font, s)

  Returns the string's width in pixels if printed in the specified font.

• draw(vector_font, s, x, y[, fg, scale])

  Draw text to the display using the specified Hershey vector font with the coordinates as the lower-left corner of the text. The foreground color of the text can be set by the optional argument fg. Otherwise the foreground color defaults to WHITE. The size of the text can be scaled by specifying a scale value. The scale value must be larger than 0 and can be a floating-point or an integer value. The scale value defaults to 1.0. See the README.md in the vector/fonts directory, for example fonts and the utils directory for a font conversion program.

• draw_len(vector_font, s[, scale])

  Returns the string's width in pixels if drawn with the specified font.

• jpg(jpg, x, y [, method])

  Draw a jpg on the display with the given x and y coordinates as the upper left corner of the image. jpg may be a string containing a filename or a buffer containing the JPEG image data.

  The memory required to decode and display a JPG can be considerable as a full-screen 320x240 JPG would require at least 3100 bytes for the working area + 320 240 2 bytes of ram to buffer the image. Jpg images that would require a buffer larger than available memory can be drawn by passing SLOW for the method. The SLOW method will draw the image one piece at a time using the Minimum Coded Unit (MCU, typically a multiple of 8x8) of the image. The default method is FAST.

• jpg_decode(jpg_filename [, x, y, width, height])

  Decode a jpg file and return it or a portion of it as a tuple composed of (buffer, width, height). The buffer is a color565 blit_buffer compatible byte array. The buffer will require width height 2 bytes of memory.

  If the optional x, y, width, and height parameters are given, the buffer will only contain the specified area of the image. See examples/T-DISPLAY/clock/clock.py examples/T-DISPLAY/toasters_jpg/toasters_jpg.py for examples.

• png(png_filename, x, y [, mask])

  Draw a PNG file on the display with upper left corner of the image at the given x and y coordinates. The PNG will be clipped if it is not able to fit fully on the display. The PNG will be drawn one line at a time. Since the driver does not contain a frame buffer, transparency is not supported. Providing a True value for the mask parameter will prevent pixels with a zero alpha channel value from being displayed. Drawing masked PNG's is slower than non-masked as each visible line segment is drawn separately. For an example of using a mask, see the alien.py program in the examples/png folder.

• polygon_center(polygon)

  Return the center of the polygon as an (x, y) tuple. The polygon should consist of a list of (x, y) tuples forming a closed convex polygon.

• fill_polygon(polygon, x, y, color[, angle, center_x, center_y])

  Draw a filled polygon at the x, and y coordinates in the color given. The polygon may be rotated angle radians about the center_x and center_y point. The polygon should consist of a list of (x, y) tuples forming a closed convex polygon.

  See the TWATCH-2020 watch.py demo for an example.

• polygon(polygon, x, y, color, angle, center_x, center_y)

  Draw a polygon at the x, and y coordinates in the color given. The polygon may be rotated angle radians about the center_x and center_y point. The polygon should consist of a list of (x, y) tuples forming a closed convex polygon.

  See the T-Display roids.py for an example.

• bounding({status, as_rect})

  Bounding enables or disables tracking the display area that has been written to. Initially, tracking is disabled; pass a True value to enable tracking and False to disable it. Passing a True or False parameter will reset the current bounding rectangle to (display_width, display_height, 0, 0).

  Returns a four integer tuple containing (min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y) indicating the area of the display that has been written to since the last clearing.

  If as_rect parameter is True, the returned tuple will contain (min_x, min_y, width, height) values.

  See the TWATCH-2020 watch.py demo for an example.

• bitmap(bitmap, x , y [, index])

  Draw bitmap using the specified x, y coordinates as the upper-left corner of the bitmap. The optional index parameter provides a method to select from multiple bitmaps contained a bitmap module. The index is used to calculate the offset to the beginning of the desired bitmap using the modules HEIGHT, WIDTH, and BPP values.

  The imgtobitmap.py utility creates compatible 1 to 8 bit per pixel bitmap modules from image files using the Pillow Python Imaging Library.

  The monofont2bitmap.py utility creates compatible 1 to 8 bit per pixel bitmap modules from Monospaced True Type fonts. See the inconsolata_16.py, inconsolata_32.py and inconsolata_64.py files in the examples/lib folder for sample modules and the mono_font.py program for an example using the generated modules.

  The character sizes, bit per pixel, foreground, background colors, and the characters to include in the bitmap module may be specified as parameters. Use the -h option for details. Bits per pixel settings larger than one may be used to create antialiased characters at the expense of memory use. If you specify a buffer_size during the display initialization, it must be large enough to hold the one character (HEIGHT WIDTH 2).

• width()

  Returns the current logical width of the display. (ie a 135x240 display rotated 90 degrees is 240 pixels wide)

• height()

  Returns the current logical height of the display. (ie a 135x240 display rotated 90 degrees is 135 pixels high)

• rotation(r)

  Set the rotates the logical display in a counter-clockwise direction. 0-Portrait (0 degrees), 1-Landscape (90 degrees), 2-Inverse Portrait (180 degrees), 3-Inverse Landscape (270 degrees)

• offset(x_start, y_start) The memory in the ST7789 controller is configured for a 240x320 display. When using a smaller display like a 240x240 or 135x240, an offset needs to be added to the x and y parameters so that the pixels are written to the memory area corresponding to the visible display. The offsets may need to be adjusted when rotating the display.

  For example, the TTGO-TDisplay is 135x240 and uses the following offsets.

  Rotation	x_start	y_start
  0	52	40
  1	40	53
  2	53	40
  3	40	52

  When the rotation method is called, the driver will adjust the offsets for a 135x240 or 240x240 display. Your display may require using different offset values; if so, use the offset method after rotation to set the offset values.

  The values needed for a particular display may not be documented and may require some experimentation to determine the correct values. One technique is to draw a box the same size as the display and then make small changes to the offsets until the display looks correct. See the cfg_helper.py program in the examples folder for more information.

The module exposes predefined colors: BLACK, BLUE, RED, GREEN, CYAN, MAGENTA, YELLOW, and WHITE

Scrolling

The st7789 display controller contains a 240 by 320-pixel frame buffer used to store the pixels for the display. For scrolling, the frame buffer consists of three separate areas; The (tfa) top fixed area, the (height) scrolling area, and the (bfa) bottom fixed area. The tfa is the upper portion of the frame buffer in pixels not to scroll. The height is the center portion of the frame buffer in pixels to scroll. The bfa is the lower portion of the frame buffer in pixels not to scroll. These values control the ability to scroll the entire or a part of the display.

For displays that are 320 pixels high, setting the tfa to 0, height to 320, and bfa to 0 will allow scrolling of the entire display. You can set the tfa and bfa to a non-zero value to scroll a portion of the display. tfa + height + bfa = should equal 320, otherwise the scrolling mode is undefined.

Displays less than 320 pixels high, the tfa, height, and bfa will need to be adjusted to compensate for the smaller LCD panel. The actual values will vary depending on the configuration of the LCD panel. For example, scrolling the entire 135x240 TTGO T-Display requires a tfa value of 40, height value of 240, and bfa value of 40 (40+240+40=320) because the T-Display LCD shows 240 rows starting at the 40th row of the frame buffer, leaving the last 40 rows of the frame buffer undisplayed.

Other displays like the Waveshare Pico LCD 1.3 inch 240x240 display require the tfa set to 0, height set to 240, and bfa set to 80 (0+240+80=320) to scroll the entire display. The Pico LCD 1.3 shows 240 rows starting at the 0th row of the frame buffer, leaving the last 80 rows of the frame buffer undisplayed.

The vscsad method sets the (VSSA) Vertical Scroll Start Address. The VSSA sets the line in the frame buffer that will be the first line after the tfa.

The ST7789 datasheet warns:

The value of the vertical scrolling start address is absolute (with reference to the frame memory),
it must not enter the fixed area (defined by Vertical Scrolling Definition, otherwise undesirable
image will be displayed on the panel.

• vscrdef(tfa, height, bfa) Set the vertical scrolling parameters.

  tfa is the top fixed area in pixels. The top fixed area is the upper portion of the display frame buffer that will not be scrolled.

  height is the total height in pixels of the area scrolled.

  bfa is the bottom fixed area in pixels. The bottom fixed area is the lower portion of the display frame buffer that will not be scrolled.

• vscsad(vssa) Set the vertical scroll address.

  vssa is the vertical scroll start address in pixels. The vertical scroll start address is the line in the frame buffer will be the first line shown after the TFA.

Helper functions

• color565(r, g, b)

  Pack a color into 2-bytes rgb565 format

• map_bitarray_to_rgb565(bitarray, buffer, width, color=WHITE, bg_color=BLACK)

  Convert a bitarray to the rgb565 color buffer suitable for blitting. Bit 1 in bitarray is a pixel with color and 0 - with bg_color.